snapshot of https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm.git (master, 2026-09-18; blobs > 131072B omitted)

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Attributes/Qualify.php

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding\Attributes;
+
+use Attribute;
+
+/**
+ * Assigns a qualifier to a constructor parameter.
+ *
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+#[Attribute(Attribute::TARGET_PARAMETER)]
+readonly class Qualify
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $qualifier,
+    ) {}
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Binder.php

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\NamedClassKey;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\QualifiedClassKey;
+use LogicException;
+use Closure;
+
+class Binder
+{
+    public function __construct(private BindingData $data)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to an implementation.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<T> $implementationClassName An implementation class name.
+     */
+    public function bindImplementation(
+        string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key,
+        string $implementationClassName,
+    ): self {
+
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKey($key);
+
+        $this->data->addGlobal($key, Binding::createFromImplementationClassName($implementationClassName));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific service.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object>|NamedClassKey<object>|QualifiedClassKey<object> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param string $serviceName A service name.
+     */
+    public function bindService(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $serviceName): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKey($key);
+
+        $this->data->addGlobal($key, Binding::createFromServiceName($serviceName));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a callback.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param Closure $callback A callback that will resolve a dependency.
+     * @todo Change to Closure(...): T Once https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan/issues/8214 is implemented.
+     */
+    public function bindCallback(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, Closure $callback): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKey($key);
+
+        $this->data->addGlobal($key, Binding::createFromCallback($callback));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific instance.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param T $instance An instance.
+     */
+    public function bindInstance(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, object $instance): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKey($key);
+
+        $this->data->addGlobal($key, Binding::createFromValue($instance));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a factory.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<Factory<T>> $factoryClassName A factory class name.
+     */
+    public function bindFactory(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $factoryClassName): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKey($key);
+
+        $this->data->addGlobal($key, Binding::createFromFactoryClassName($factoryClassName));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a contextual binder and pass it as an argument of a callback.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object> $className A context.
+     * @param Closure(ContextualBinder): void $callback A callback with a `ContextualBinder` argument.
+     */
+    public function inContext(string $className, Closure $callback): self
+    {
+        $contextualBinder = new ContextualBinder($this->data, $className);
+
+        $callback($contextualBinder);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a contextual binder.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object> $className A context.
+     */
+    public function for(string $className): ContextualBinder
+    {
+        return new ContextualBinder($this->data, $className);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string|NamedClassKey<object>|QualifiedClassKey<object> $key
+     */
+    private static function keyToString(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key): string
+    {
+        return is_string($key) ? $key : $key->toString();
+    }
+
+    private function validateBindingKey(string $key): void
+    {
+        if (!$key) {
+            throw new LogicException("Bad binding.");
+        }
+
+        if ($key[0] === '$') {
+            throw new LogicException("Can't binding a parameter name w/o an interface globally.");
+        }
+
+        if ($key[0] === '#') {
+            throw new LogicException("Can't binding a qualification name w/o an interface globally.");
+        }
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Binding.php

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use LogicException;
+
+class Binding
+{
+    public const int IMPLEMENTATION_CLASS_NAME = 1;
+    public const int CONTAINER_SERVICE = 2;
+    public const int VALUE = 3;
+    public const int CALLBACK = 4;
+    public const int FACTORY_CLASS_NAME = 5;
+
+    private int $type;
+
+    private mixed $value;
+
+    private function __construct(int $type, mixed $value)
+    {
+        $this->type = $type;
+        $this->value = $value;
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): int
+    {
+        return $this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function getValue(): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<object> $implementationClassName
+     */
+    public static function createFromImplementationClassName(string $implementationClassName): self
+    {
+        if (!$implementationClassName) {
+            throw new LogicException("Bad binding.");
+        }
+
+        return new self(self::IMPLEMENTATION_CLASS_NAME, $implementationClassName);
+    }
+
+    public static function createFromServiceName(string $serviceName): self
+    {
+        if (!$serviceName) {
+            throw new LogicException("Bad binding.");
+        }
+
+        return new self(self::CONTAINER_SERVICE, $serviceName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    public static function createFromValue($value): self
+    {
+        return new self(self::VALUE, $value);
+    }
+
+    public static function createFromCallback(callable $callback): self
+    {
+        return new self(self::CALLBACK, $callback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<Factory<object>> $factoryClassName
+     */
+    public static function createFromFactoryClassName(string $factoryClassName): self
+    {
+        if (!$factoryClassName) {
+            throw new LogicException("Bad binding.");
+        }
+
+        return new self(self::FACTORY_CLASS_NAME, $factoryClassName);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/BindingContainer.php

@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Attributes\Qualify;
+use ReflectionClass;
+use ReflectionParameter;
+use ReflectionNamedType;
+use LogicException;
+
+/**
+ * Access point for bindings.
+ */
+class BindingContainer
+{
+    public function __construct(private BindingData $data)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Has binding by a reflection parameter.
+     *
+     * @param ?ReflectionClass<object> $class
+     */
+    public function hasByParam(?ReflectionClass $class, ReflectionParameter $param): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->getInternal($class, $param) === null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get binding by a reflection parameter.
+     *
+     * @param ?ReflectionClass<object> $class
+     */
+    public function getByParam(?ReflectionClass $class, ReflectionParameter $param): Binding
+    {
+        if (!$this->hasByParam($class, $param)) {
+            throw new LogicException("Cannot get not existing binding.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->getInternal($class, $param) ?? throw new LogicException();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Has global binding by an interface.
+     *
+     * @param class-string $interfaceName
+     */
+    public function hasByInterface(string $interfaceName): bool
+    {
+        return $this->data->hasGlobal($interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get global binding by an interface.
+     *
+     * @param class-string $interfaceName
+     */
+    public function getByInterface(string $interfaceName): Binding
+    {
+        if (!$this->hasByInterface($interfaceName)) {
+            throw new LogicException("Binding for interface `$interfaceName` does not exist.");
+        }
+
+        if (!interface_exists($interfaceName) && !class_exists($interfaceName)) {
+            throw new LogicException("Interface `$interfaceName` does not exist.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->data->getGlobal($interfaceName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?ReflectionClass<object> $class
+     */
+    private function getInternal(?ReflectionClass $class, ReflectionParameter $param): ?Binding
+    {
+        if ($class) {
+            $binding = $this->getInternalContextualNamed($class, $param);
+
+            if ($binding) {
+                return $binding;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $paramClassName = $this->getClassNameFromParameterType($param->getType());
+
+        if ($paramClassName === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $qualifiedName = $this->getQualifiedName($param);
+
+        if ($qualifiedName) {
+            $keyQualified = $paramClassName . ' #' . $qualifiedName;
+
+            $binding = $this->getInternalByClassNameKey($class?->getName(), $keyQualified);
+
+            if ($binding) {
+                return $binding;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $keyWithName = $paramClassName . ' $' . $param->getName();
+
+        $binding = $this->getInternalByClassNameKey($class?->getName(), $keyWithName);
+
+        if ($binding) {
+            return $binding;
+        }
+
+        $key = $paramClassName;
+
+        $binding = $this->getInternalByClassNameKey($class?->getName(), $key);
+
+        if ($binding) {
+            return $binding;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function getQualifiedName(ReflectionParameter $param): ?string
+    {
+        $qualifierClass = $param->getAttributes(Qualify::class)[0] ?? null;
+
+        if (!$qualifierClass) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $qualifier = $qualifierClass->newInstance();
+
+        return $qualifier->qualifier;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ReflectionClass<object> $class
+     */
+    private function getInternalContextualNamed(ReflectionClass $class, ReflectionParameter $param): ?Binding
+    {
+        $key = '$' . $param->getName();
+
+        if (!$this->data->hasContext($class->getName(), $key)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $type = $param->getType();
+
+        $binding = $this->data->getContext($class->getName(), $key);
+
+        $notMatching =
+            $type instanceof ReflectionNamedType &&
+            !$type->isBuiltin() &&
+            $binding->getType() === Binding::VALUE &&
+            is_scalar($binding->getValue());
+
+        if ($notMatching) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $binding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?class-string<object> $className
+     */
+    private function getInternalByClassNameKey(?string $className, string $key): ?Binding
+    {
+        if ($className && $this->data->hasContext($className, $key)) {
+            return $this->data->getContext($className, $key);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->data->hasGlobal($key)) {
+            return $this->data->getGlobal($key);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    private function getClassNameFromParameterType(mixed $type): ?string
+    {
+        $dependencyClassName = null;
+
+        if (
+            $type instanceof ReflectionNamedType &&
+            !$type->isBuiltin()
+        ) {
+            $dependencyClassName = $type->getName();
+        }
+
+        return $dependencyClassName;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/BindingContainerBuilder.php

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use Closure;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\NamedClassKey;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\QualifiedClassKey;
+
+class BindingContainerBuilder
+{
+    private BindingData $data;
+    private Binder $binder;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->data = new BindingData();
+        $this->binder = new Binder($this->data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to an implementation.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<T> $implementationClassName An implementation class name.
+     */
+    public function bindImplementation(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $implementationClassName): self
+    {
+        $this->binder->bindImplementation($key, $implementationClassName);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific service.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object>|NamedClassKey<object>|QualifiedClassKey<object> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param string $serviceName A service name.
+     * @noinspection PhpUnused
+     */
+    public function bindService(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $serviceName): self
+    {
+        $this->binder->bindService($key, $serviceName);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a callback.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param Closure $callback A callback that will resolve a dependency.
+     * @todo Change to Closure(...): T Once https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan/issues/8214 is implemented.
+     * @noinspection PhpUnused
+     */
+    public function bindCallback(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, Closure $callback): self
+    {
+        $this->binder->bindCallback($key, $callback);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific instance.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param T $instance An instance.
+     */
+    public function bindInstance(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, object $instance): self
+    {
+        $this->binder->bindInstance($key, $instance);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a factory.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *    An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<Factory<T>> $factoryClassName A factory class name.
+     * @noinspection PhpUnused
+     */
+    public function bindFactory(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $factoryClassName): self
+    {
+        $this->binder->bindFactory($key, $factoryClassName);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a contextual binder and pass it as an argument of a callback.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object> $className A context.
+     * @param Closure(ContextualBinder): void $callback A callback with a `ContextualBinder` argument.
+     */
+    public function inContext(string $className, Closure $callback): self
+    {
+        $contextualBinder = new ContextualBinder($this->data, $className);
+
+        $callback($contextualBinder);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build.
+     */
+    public function build(): BindingContainer
+    {
+        return new BindingContainer($this->data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create an instance.
+     */
+    public static function create(): self
+    {
+        return new self();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/BindingData.php

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use LogicException;
+use stdClass;
+
+class BindingData
+{
+    private stdClass $global;
+    private stdClass $context;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->global = (object) [];
+        $this->context = (object) [];
+    }
+
+    public function addContext(string $className, string $key, Binding $binding): void
+    {
+        if (!property_exists($this->context, $className)) {
+            $this->context->$className = (object) [];
+        }
+
+        $this->context->$className->$key = $binding;
+    }
+
+    public function addGlobal(string $key, Binding $binding): void
+    {
+        $this->global->$key = $binding;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<object> $className
+     */
+    public function hasContext(string $className, string $key): bool
+    {
+        if (!property_exists($this->context, $className)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!property_exists($this->context->$className, $key)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<object> $className
+     */
+    public function getContext(string $className, string $key): Binding
+    {
+        if (!$this->hasContext($className, $key)) {
+            throw new LogicException("No data.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->context->$className->$key;
+    }
+
+    public function hasGlobal(string $key): bool
+    {
+        if (!property_exists($this->global, $key)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    public function getGlobal(string $key): Binding
+    {
+        if (!$this->hasGlobal($key)) {
+            throw new LogicException("No data.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->global->$key;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getGlobalKeyList(): array
+    {
+        return array_keys(
+            get_object_vars($this->global)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return class-string<object>[]
+     */
+    public function getContextList(): array
+    {
+        /** @var class-string<object>[] */
+        return array_keys(
+            get_object_vars($this->context)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getContextKeyList(string $context): array
+    {
+        return array_keys(
+            get_object_vars($this->context->$context ?? (object) [])
+        );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/BindingLoader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+interface BindingLoader
+{
+    public function load(): BindingData;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/BindingProcessor.php

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+interface BindingProcessor
+{
+    public function process(Binder $binder): void;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/ContextualBinder.php

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use Closure;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\NamedClassKey;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\NamedKey;
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Key\QualifiedClassKey;
+use LogicException;
+
+class ContextualBinder
+{
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<object> $className
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        private BindingData $data,
+        private string $className,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to an implementation.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<T> $implementationClassName An implementation class name.
+     */
+    public function bindImplementation(
+        string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key,
+        string $implementationClassName,
+    ): self {
+
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKeyNoName($key);
+
+        $binding = Binding::createFromImplementationClassName($implementationClassName);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, $binding);
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific service.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param string $serviceName A service name.
+     */
+    public function bindService(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $serviceName): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKeyNoName($key);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, Binding::createFromServiceName($serviceName));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface or parameter name to a specific value.
+     *
+     * @param string|NamedKey|NamedClassKey<object> $key
+     *     A parameter name (`$name`) or an interface with a parameter name.
+     * @param mixed $value A value of any type.
+     */
+    public function bindValue(string|NamedKey|NamedClassKey $key, $value): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKeyParameterName($key);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, Binding::createFromValue($value));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a specific instance.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *    An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param T $instance An instance.
+     */
+    public function bindInstance(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, object $instance): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKeyNoName($key);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, Binding::createFromValue($instance));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface or parameter name to a callback.
+     *
+     * @param class-string<object>|NamedClassKey<object>|NamedKey|QualifiedClassKey<object> $key
+     *     An interface, parameter name or both.
+     * @param Closure $callback A callback that will resolve a dependency.
+     * @todo Change to Closure(...): mixed Once https://github.com/phpstan/phpstan/issues/8214 is implemented.
+     */
+    public function bindCallback(string|NamedClassKey|NamedKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, Closure $callback): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBinding($key);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, Binding::createFromCallback($callback));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Bind an interface to a factory.
+     *
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|NamedClassKey<T>|QualifiedClassKey<T> $key
+     *     An interface, an interface with a parameter name or an interface with a qualifier.
+     * @param class-string<Factory<T>> $factoryClassName A factory class name.
+     */
+    public function bindFactory(string|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key, string $factoryClassName): self
+    {
+        $key = self::keyToString($key);
+        $this->validateBindingKeyNoName($key);
+
+        $this->data->addContext($this->className, $key, Binding::createFromFactoryClassName($factoryClassName));
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    private function validateBinding(string $key): void
+    {
+        if (!$key) {
+            throw new LogicException("Bad binding.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function validateBindingKeyNoName(string $key): void
+    {
+        $this->validateBinding($key);
+
+        if ($key[0] === '$') {
+            throw new LogicException("Can't bind a parameter name w/o an interface.");
+        }
+
+        if ($key[0] === '#') {
+            throw new LogicException("Can't bind a qualification name w/o an interface.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function validateBindingKeyParameterName(string $key): void
+    {
+        $this->validateBinding($key);
+
+        if (!str_contains($key, '$')) {
+            throw new LogicException("Can't bind w/o a parameter name.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string|NamedKey|NamedClassKey<object>|QualifiedClassKey<object> $key
+     */
+    private static function keyToString(string|NamedKey|NamedClassKey|QualifiedClassKey $key): string
+    {
+        return is_string($key) ? $key : $key->toString();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/EspoBindingLoader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Module;
+use Espo\Binding;
+
+class EspoBindingLoader implements BindingLoader
+{
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private array $moduleNameList;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        Module $module,
+        private ?BindingProcessor $binding = null,
+    ) {
+        $this->moduleNameList = $module->getOrderedList();
+    }
+
+    public function load(): BindingData
+    {
+        $data = new BindingData();
+        $binder = new Binder($data);
+
+        (new Binding())->process($binder);
+
+        foreach ($this->moduleNameList as $moduleName) {
+            $this->loadModule($binder, $moduleName);
+        }
+
+        $this->loadCustom($binder);
+
+        $this->binding?->process($binder);
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    private function loadModule(Binder $binder, string $moduleName): void
+    {
+        $className = 'Espo\\Modules\\' . $moduleName . '\\Binding';
+
+        if (!class_exists($className)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var class-string<BindingProcessor> $className */
+
+        (new $className())->process($binder);
+    }
+
+    private function loadCustom(Binder $binder): void
+    {
+        /** @var class-string<BindingProcessor>|string $className */
+        $className = 'Espo\\Custom\\Binding';
+
+        if (!class_exists($className)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var class-string<BindingProcessor> $className */
+
+        (new $className())->process($binder);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Factory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding;
+
+/**
+ * @template T of object
+ */
+interface Factory
+{
+    /**
+     * @return T
+     * @noinspection PhpDocSignatureInspection
+     */
+    public function create(): object;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Key/NamedClassKey.php

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding\Key;
+
+/**
+ * A key for a class-type-hinted constructor parameter with a parameter name.
+ *
+ * @template-covariant T of object
+ */
+class NamedClassKey
+{
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
+     */
+    private function __construct(private string $className, private string $parameterName)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Create.
+     *
+     * @template TC of object
+     * @param class-string<TC> $className An interface.
+     * @param string $parameterName A constructor parameter name (w/o '$').
+     * @return self<TC>
+     */
+    public static function create(string $className, string $parameterName): self
+    {
+        return new self($className, $parameterName);
+    }
+
+    public function toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->className . ' $' . $this->parameterName;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Key/NamedKey.php

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding\Key;
+
+/**
+ * A parameter-name-only key.
+ */
+class NamedKey
+{
+    private function __construct(private string $parameterName)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Create.
+     *
+     * @param string $parameterName A constructor parameter name (w/o '$').
+     */
+    public static function create(string $parameterName): self
+    {
+        return new self($parameterName);
+    }
+
+    public function toString(): string
+    {
+        return '$' . $this->parameterName;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Binding/Key/QualifiedClassKey.php

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Binding\Key;
+
+/**
+ * A key for a class-type-hinted constructor parameter with a qualifier.
+ * Use it to bind to qualified constructor parameters. For example, one interface
+ * can be used with a qualifier and without it. In the latter case,
+ * the default binding it applied. While in the formed case, a special binding is applied.
+ * For example, a caching pool interface may be bound to two different services:
+ * core cache and application cache.
+ *
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ *
+ * @template-covariant T of object
+ */
+class QualifiedClassKey
+{
+    /**
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
+     */
+    private function __construct(private string $className, private string $qualifier)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Create.
+     *
+     * @template TC of object
+     * @param class-string<TC> $className An interface.
+     * @param string $qualifier A qualification name.
+     * @return self<TC>
+     */
+    public static function create(string $className, string $qualifier): self
+    {
+        return new self($className, $qualifier);
+    }
+
+    public function toString(): string
+    {
+        return $this->className . ' #' . $this->qualifier;
+    }
+}