snapshot of https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm.git (master, 2026-09-18; blobs > 131072B omitted)

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Acl/UserAclManagerProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Acl;
+
+use Espo\Core\Acl\Exceptions\NotAvailable;
+use Espo\Entities\Portal;
+use Espo\Entities\User;
+use Espo\ORM\EntityManager;
+use Espo\Core\AclManager;
+use Espo\Core\Portal\AclManagerContainer as PortalAclManagerContainer;
+use Espo\Core\ApplicationState;
+
+/**
+ * @todo Use WeakMap (User as a key).
+ */
+class UserAclManagerProvider
+{
+    /** @var array<string, AclManager> */
+    private $map = [];
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private EntityManager $entityManager,
+        private AclManager $aclManager,
+        private PortalAclManagerContainer $portalAclManagerContainer,
+        private ApplicationState $applicationState
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NotAvailable
+     */
+    public function get(User $user): AclManager
+    {
+        $key = $user->hasId() ? $user->getId() : spl_object_hash($user);
+
+        if (!isset($this->map[$key])) {
+            $this->map[$key] = $this->load($user);
+        }
+
+        return $this->map[$key];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws NotAvailable
+     */
+    private function load(User $user): AclManager
+    {
+        $aclManager = $this->aclManager;
+
+        if ($user->isPortal() && !$this->applicationState->isPortal()) {
+            /** @var ?Portal $portal */
+            $portal = $this->entityManager
+                ->getRDBRepository(User::ENTITY_TYPE)
+                ->getRelation($user, 'portals')
+                ->findOne();
+
+            if (!$portal) {
+                throw new NotAvailable("No portal for portal user '" . $user->getId() . "'.");
+            }
+
+            $aclManager = $this->portalAclManagerContainer->get($portal);
+        }
+
+        return $aclManager;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Address/CountryDataProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Address;
+
+use Espo\Core\Name\Field;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\DataCacheAccess;
+use Espo\Entities\AddressCountry;
+use Espo\ORM\EntityManager;
+use Espo\ORM\Query\Part\Order;
+
+class CountryDataProvider
+{
+    private const string CACHE_KEY = 'addressCountryData';
+    private const int LIMIT = 500;
+
+    /**
+     * @param DataCacheAccess<array{list: string[], preferredList: string[]}> $dataCacheAccess
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        private EntityManager $entityManager,
+        private DataCacheAccess $dataCacheAccess,
+    ) {
+        $dataCacheAccess->init(
+            key: self::CACHE_KEY,
+            loader: function () {
+                return $this->load();
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{list: string[], preferredList: string[]}
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        return $this->dataCacheAccess->get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{list: string[], preferredList: string[]}
+     */
+    private function load(): array
+    {
+        $list = [];
+        $preferredList = [];
+
+        /** @var iterable<AddressCountry> $collection */
+        $collection = $this->entityManager
+            ->getRDBRepositoryByClass(AddressCountry::class)
+            ->sth()
+            ->select([Field::NAME, 'isPreferred'])
+            ->order(Field::NAME, Order::ASC)
+            ->limit(0, self::LIMIT)
+            ->find();
+
+        foreach ($collection as $entity) {
+            $list[] = $entity->getName();
+
+            if ($entity->isPreferred()) {
+                $preferredList[] = $entity->getName();
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [
+            'list' => $list,
+            'preferredList' => $preferredList,
+        ];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/ApiKey.php

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\ConfigWriter;
+use SensitiveParameter;
+
+class ApiKey
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private ConfigWriter $configWriter)
+    {}
+
+    public static function hash(string $secretKey, string $string = ''): string
+    {
+        return hash_hmac('sha256', $string, $secretKey);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated
+     * @todo Remove in v11.0.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function hashLegacy(string $secretKey, string $string = ''): string
+    {
+        return hash_hmac('sha256', $string, $secretKey, true);
+    }
+
+    public function getSecretKeyForUserId(string $id): ?string
+    {
+        $apiSecretKeys = $this->config->get('apiSecretKeys');
+
+        if (!$apiSecretKeys) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!is_object($apiSecretKeys)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($apiSecretKeys->$id)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $apiSecretKeys->$id;
+    }
+
+    public function storeSecretKeyForUserId(string $id, #[SensitiveParameter] string $secretKey): void
+    {
+        $apiSecretKeys = $this->config->get('apiSecretKeys');
+
+        if (!is_object($apiSecretKeys)) {
+            $apiSecretKeys = (object) [];
+        }
+
+        $apiSecretKeys->$id = $secretKey;
+
+        $this->configWriter->set('apiSecretKeys', $apiSecretKeys);
+        $this->configWriter->save();
+    }
+
+    public function removeSecretKeyForUserId(string $id): void
+    {
+        $apiSecretKeys = $this->config->get('apiSecretKeys');
+
+        if (!is_object($apiSecretKeys)) {
+            $apiSecretKeys = (object) [];
+        }
+
+        unset($apiSecretKeys->$id);
+
+        $this->configWriter->set('apiSecretKeys', $apiSecretKeys);
+        $this->configWriter->save();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Autoload.php

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Attributes\Qualify;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Autoload\Loader;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\SystemConfig;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Resource\PathProvider;
+
+use Exception;
+
+class Autoload
+{
+    /** @var ?array<string, mixed> */
+    private $data = null;
+
+    private string $cacheKey = 'autoload';
+    private string $autoloadFileName = 'autoload.json';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        #[Qualify(DataCache::QUALIFIER_SYSTEM)]
+        private DataCache $dataCache,
+        private FileManager $fileManager,
+        private Loader $loader,
+        private PathProvider $pathProvider,
+        private SystemConfig $systemConfig,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getData(): array
+    {
+        if (!isset($this->data)) {
+            $this->init();
+        }
+
+        assert($this->data !== null);
+
+        return $this->data;
+    }
+
+    private function init(): void
+    {
+        $useCache = $this->systemConfig->useCache();
+
+        if ($useCache && $this->dataCache->has($this->cacheKey)) {
+            /** @var ?array<string, mixed> $data */
+            $data = $this->dataCache->get($this->cacheKey);
+
+            if ($data !== null) {
+                $this->data = $data;
+
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->data = $this->loadData();
+
+        if ($useCache) {
+            $this->dataCache->store($this->cacheKey, $this->data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function loadData(): array
+    {
+        $corePath = $this->pathProvider->getCore() . $this->autoloadFileName;
+
+        $data = $this->loadDataFromFile($corePath);
+
+        foreach ($this->metadata->getModuleList() as $moduleName) {
+            $modulePath = $this->pathProvider->getModule($moduleName) . $this->autoloadFileName;
+
+            $data = array_merge_recursive(
+                $data,
+                $this->loadDataFromFile($modulePath)
+            );
+        }
+
+        $customPath = $this->pathProvider->getCustom() . $this->autoloadFileName;
+
+        return array_merge_recursive(
+            $data,
+            $this->loadDataFromFile($customPath)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     * @throws \JsonException
+     */
+    private function loadDataFromFile(string $filePath): array
+    {
+        if (!$this->fileManager->isFile($filePath)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $content = $this->fileManager->getContents($filePath);
+
+        $arrayContent = Json::decode($content, true);
+
+        return $this->normalizeData($arrayContent);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function normalizeData(array $data): array
+    {
+        $normalizedData = [];
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            switch ($key) {
+                case 'psr-4':
+                case 'psr-0':
+                case 'classmap':
+                case 'files':
+                case 'autoloadFileList':
+                    $normalizedData[$key] = $value;
+
+                    break;
+
+                default:
+                    $normalizedData['psr-0'][$key] = $value;
+
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $normalizedData;
+    }
+
+    public function register(): void
+    {
+        try {
+            $data = $this->getData();
+        } catch (Exception) {} // bad permissions
+
+        if (empty($data)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->loader->register($data);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Autoload/Loader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Autoload;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+
+class Loader
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private NamespaceLoader $namespaceLoader,
+        private FileManager $fileManager
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param array{
+     *   psr-4?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   psr-0?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   classmap?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   autoloadFileList?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   files?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * } $data
+     */
+    public function register(array $data): void
+    {
+        /* load "psr-4", "psr-0", "classmap" */
+        $this->namespaceLoader->register($data);
+
+        /* load "autoloadFileList" */
+        $this->registerAutoloadFileList($data);
+
+        /* load "files" */
+        $this->registerFiles($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    private function registerAutoloadFileList(array $data): void
+    {
+        $keyName = 'autoloadFileList';
+
+        if (!isset($data[$keyName])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data[$keyName] as $filePath) {
+            if ($this->fileManager->exists($filePath)) {
+                require_once($filePath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    private function registerFiles(array $data): void
+    {
+        $keyName = 'files';
+
+        if (!isset($data[$keyName])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data[$keyName] as $filePath) {
+            if ($this->fileManager->exists($filePath)) {
+                require_once($filePath);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Autoload/NamespaceLoader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Autoload;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\Attributes\Qualify;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\SystemConfig;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\DataCache;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Log;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+
+use Composer\Autoload\ClassLoader;
+
+use Throwable;
+
+class NamespaceLoader
+{
+    /**
+     * @var ?array{
+     *   psr-4?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   psr-0?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   classmap?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * }
+     */
+    private $namespaces = null;
+    /** @var ?array<string, mixed> */
+    private $vendorNamespaces = null;
+    private string $autoloadFilePath = 'vendor/autoload.php';
+    /** @var array<'psr-4'|'psr-0'|'classmap', string> */
+    private $namespacesPaths = [
+        'psr-4' => 'vendor/composer/autoload_psr4.php',
+        'psr-0' => 'vendor/composer/autoload_namespaces.php',
+        'classmap' => 'vendor/composer/autoload_classmap.php',
+    ];
+    /** @var array<'psr-4'|'psr-0', string> */
+    private $methodNameMap = [
+        'psr-4' => 'addPsr4',
+        'psr-0' => 'add',
+    ];
+    private string $cacheKey = 'autoloadVendorNamespaces';
+
+    private ClassLoader $classLoader;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        #[Qualify(DataCache::QUALIFIER_SYSTEM)]
+        private DataCache $dataCache,
+        private FileManager $fileManager,
+        private Log $log,
+        private SystemConfig $systemConfig,
+    ) {
+
+        $this->classLoader = new ClassLoader();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *   psr-4?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   psr-0?: array<string, mixed>
+     * } $data
+     */
+    public function register(array $data): void
+    {
+        $this->addListToClassLoader($data);
+
+        $this->classLoader->register(true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{
+     *   psr-4?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   psr-0?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   classmap?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * }
+     */
+    private function loadNamespaces(string $basePath = ''): array
+    {
+        $namespaces = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->namespacesPaths as $type => $path) {
+            $mapFile = Util::concatPath($basePath, $path);
+
+            if (!$this->fileManager->exists($mapFile)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $map = require($mapFile);
+
+            if (!empty($map) && is_array($map)) {
+                $namespaces[$type] = $map;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $namespaces;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @return array{
+     *   psr-4?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   psr-0?: array<string, mixed>,
+     *   classmap?: array<string, mixed>,
+     * }
+     */
+    private function getNamespaces(): array
+    {
+        if (!$this->namespaces) {
+            $this->namespaces = $this->loadNamespaces();
+        }
+
+        return $this->namespaces;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param 'psr-4'|'psr-0'|'classmap' $type
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getNamespaceList(string $type): array
+    {
+        $namespaces = $this->getNamespaces();
+
+        return array_keys($namespaces[$type] ?? []);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param 'psr-4'|'psr-0'|'classmap' $type
+     * @param string|array<string, string> $path
+     */
+    private function addNamespace(string $type, string $name, $path): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->namespaces) {
+            $this->getNamespaces();
+        }
+
+        $this->namespaces[$type][$name] = (array) $path;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param 'psr-4'|'psr-0'|'classmap' $type
+     */
+    private function hasNamespace(string $type, string $name): bool
+    {
+        if (in_array($name, $this->getNamespaceList($type))) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (!preg_match('/\\\$/', $name)) {
+            $name = $name . '\\';
+
+            if (in_array($name, $this->getNamespaceList($type))) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    private function addListToClassLoader(array $data, bool $skipVendorNamespaces = false): void
+    {
+        foreach ($this->methodNameMap as $type => $methodName) {
+            $itemData = $data[$type] ?? null;
+
+            if ($itemData === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($itemData as $prefix => $path) {
+                if (!$skipVendorNamespaces) {
+                    $vendorPaths = is_array($path) ? $path : (array) $path;
+
+                    foreach ($vendorPaths as $vendorPath) {
+                        $this->addListToClassLoader(
+                            $this->getVendorNamespaces($vendorPath),
+                            true
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if ($this->hasNamespace($type, $prefix)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                try {
+                    $this->classLoader->$methodName($prefix, $path);
+                } catch (Throwable $e) {
+                    $this->log->error("Could not add '{$prefix}' to autoload: " . $e->getMessage());
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->addNamespace($type, $prefix, $path);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $classMap = $data['classmap'] ?? null;
+
+        if ($classMap !== null) {
+            $this->classLoader->addClassMap($classMap);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getVendorNamespaces(string $path): array
+    {
+        $useCache = $this->systemConfig->useCache();
+
+        if (!isset($this->vendorNamespaces)) {
+            $this->vendorNamespaces = [];
+
+            if ($useCache && $this->dataCache->has($this->cacheKey)) {
+                /** @var ?array<string, mixed> $cachedData */
+                $cachedData = $this->dataCache->get($this->cacheKey);
+
+                $this->vendorNamespaces = $cachedData ?? [];
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!array_key_exists($path, $this->vendorNamespaces)) {
+            $vendorPath = $this->findVendorPath($path);
+
+            if ($vendorPath) {
+                $this->vendorNamespaces[$path] = $this->loadNamespaces($vendorPath);
+
+                if ($useCache) {
+                    $this->dataCache->store($this->cacheKey, $this->vendorNamespaces);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->vendorNamespaces[$path] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    private function findVendorPath(string $path): ?string
+    {
+        $vendor = Util::concatPath($path, $this->autoloadFilePath);
+
+        if ($this->fileManager->exists($vendor)) {
+            return $path;
+        }
+
+        $parentDir = dirname($path);
+
+        if (!empty($parentDir) && $parentDir !== '.') {
+            return $this->findVendorPath($parentDir);
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/CacheItem.php

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+use DateInterval;
+use DateTimeInterface;
+use Psr\Cache\CacheItemInterface;
+
+class CacheItem implements CacheItemInterface
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $key,
+        private mixed $value,
+        private bool $isHit = false,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getKey(): string
+    {
+        return $this->key;
+    }
+
+    public function get(): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->value;
+    }
+
+    public function isHit(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->isHit;
+    }
+
+    public function set(mixed $value): static
+    {
+        $this->value = $value;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Not supported.
+     */
+    public function expiresAt(?DateTimeInterface $expiration): static
+    {
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Not supported.
+     */
+    public function expiresAfter(DateInterval|int|null $time): static
+    {
+        return $this;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/DataCacheAccess.php

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+use Closure;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions\ReadError;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\SystemConfig;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\DataCache;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Log;
+use LogicException;
+use stdClass;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ * @template T of array<int|string, mixed> | stdClass = array<int|string, mixed> | stdClass
+ * @todo Test.
+ */
+class DataCacheAccess
+{
+    /** @var T|null  */
+    private mixed $data = null;
+
+    private ?string $key = null;
+
+    /** @var (Closure(): T)|null  */
+    private ?Closure $loader = null;
+
+    /** @var (Closure(T): bool)|null  */
+    private ?Closure $validityChecker = null;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private DataCache $dataCache,
+        private SystemConfig $systemConfig,
+        private Log $log,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @param Closure(): T $loader
+     * @param (Closure(T): bool)|null $validityChecker
+     */
+    public function init(string $key, Closure $loader, ?Closure $validityChecker = null): void
+    {
+        $this->key = $key;
+        $this->loader = $loader;
+        $this->validityChecker = $validityChecker;
+
+        $this->data = null;
+    }
+
+    public function reset(): void
+    {
+        $this->data = null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param T $data
+     */
+    public function set(mixed $data): void
+    {
+        $this->data = $data;
+    }
+
+    public function store(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->key) {
+            throw new LogicException("Not initialized.");
+        }
+
+        if ($this->data === null) {
+            throw new LogicException("Data not set.");
+        }
+
+        if ($this->systemConfig->useCache()) {
+            $this->dataCache->store($this->key, $this->data);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return T
+     */
+    public function get(): mixed
+    {
+        if ($this->data && $this->validityChecker && !($this->validityChecker)($this->data)) {
+            $this->data = null;
+        }
+
+        if ($this->data !== null) {
+            return $this->data;
+        }
+
+        $key = $this->key;
+        $loader = $this->loader;
+
+        if (!$key || !$loader) {
+            throw new LogicException("Not initialized.");
+        }
+
+        if ($this->systemConfig->useCache() && $this->dataCache->has($key)) {
+            $this->loadFromCache();
+        }
+
+        if ($this->data === null) {
+            $this->data = $loader();
+
+            if ($this->systemConfig->useCache()) {
+                $this->dataCache->store($key, $this->data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $this->data;
+    }
+
+    private function loadFromCache(): void
+    {
+        $key = $this->key ?? throw new LogicException();
+
+        try {
+            $data = $this->dataCache->get($key);
+        } catch (ReadError $e) {
+            $this->log->warning("Corrupted cache data by key '{key}'.", [
+                'exception' => $e,
+                'key' => $key,
+            ]);
+
+            $this->dataCache->clear($key);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if ($data === null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var T $data */
+
+        if ($this->validityChecker && !($this->validityChecker)($data)) {
+            $this->data = null;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->data = $data;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/DataCacheProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+use Espo\Core\Container;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\DataCache;
+
+/**
+ * May be needed when data cache is corrupted not allowing to load the DataCache service
+ * when clearing cache.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class DataCacheProvider
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Container $container,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function get(): DataCache
+    {
+        return $this->container->getByClass(DataCache::class);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/DataCacheServiceLoader.php

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+use Espo\Core\Container;
+use Espo\Core\Container\Loader;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\DataCache;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @noinspection PhpUnused
+ */
+class DataCacheServiceLoader implements Loader
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Container $container,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function load(): DataCache
+    {
+        $service = $this->container->get(DataCacheServiceName::SYSTEM);
+
+        if (!$service instanceof DataCache) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Unexpected 'dataCache' service instance.");
+        }
+
+        return $service;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/DataCacheServiceName.php

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+/**
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class DataCacheServiceName
+{
+    public const string SYSTEM = 'systemDataCache';
+    public const string APPLICATION = 'dataCache';
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/Exceptions/InvalidArgument.php

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions;
+
+use Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException as InvalidArgumentExceptionInterface;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class InvalidArgument extends RuntimeException implements InvalidArgumentExceptionInterface
+{}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/Exceptions/PersistenceError.php

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class PersistenceError extends RuntimeException
+{}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/Exceptions/ReadError.php

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class ReadError extends RuntimeException
+{}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Cache/FileCacheItemPool.php

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Cache;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions\InvalidArgument;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Exceptions\FileError;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use Psr\Cache\CacheItemInterface;
+use Psr\Cache\CacheItemPoolInterface;
+
+/**
+ * Supports only array and stdClass values.
+ *
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class FileCacheItemPool implements CacheItemPoolInterface
+{
+    private string $cacheDir = 'data/cache/application/';
+
+    public function __construct(private FileManager $fileManager)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    public function getItem(string $key): CacheItem
+    {
+        $file = $this->getFile($key);
+
+        try {
+            $value = $this->fileManager->getPhpSafeContents($file);
+        } catch (FileError) {
+            return new CacheItem(
+                key: $key,
+                value: null,
+                isHit: false,
+            );
+        }
+
+        return new CacheItem(
+            key: $key,
+            value: $value,
+            isHit: true,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return iterable<CacheItem>
+     */
+    public function getItems(array $keys = []): iterable
+    {
+        $values = [];
+
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            $values[] = $this->getItem($key);
+        }
+
+        return $values;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    public function hasItem(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $file = $this->getFile($key);
+
+        return $this->fileManager->isFile($file);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @inheritDoc
+     */
+    public function clear(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->fileManager->removeInDir($this->cacheDir);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @inheritDoc
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    public function deleteItem(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $file = $this->getFile($key);
+
+        return $this->fileManager->removeFile($file);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @inheritDoc
+     */
+    public function deleteItems(array $keys): bool
+    {
+        $result = true;
+
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            $result &= $this->deleteItem($key);
+        }
+
+        return (bool) $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Persists a cache immediately.
+     *
+     * @todo Throw an error in DataCache if false.
+     */
+    public function save(CacheItemInterface $item): bool
+    {
+        $file = $this->getFile($item->getKey());
+
+        $result = $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($file, $item->get(), true, true);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sets a cache item to be persisted later.
+     */
+    public function saveDeferred(CacheItemInterface $item): bool
+    {
+        return $this->save($item);
+    }
+
+    public function commit(): bool
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private function getFile(string $key): string
+    {
+        if (
+            $key === '' ||
+            preg_match('/[^a-zA-Z0-9_\/\-]/i', $key) ||
+            $key[0] === '/' ||
+            str_ends_with($key, '/')
+        ) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException("Bad cache key.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->cacheDir . $key . '.php';
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/ClassFinder.php

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\ClassMap;
+
+/**
+ * Finds classes of a specific category. Category examples: Services, Controllers.
+ * First it checks in the `custom` folder, then modules, then the internal folder.
+ * Available as 'classFinder' service.
+ */
+class ClassFinder
+{
+
+    /** @var array<string, array<string, class-string>> */
+    private $dataHashMap = [];
+
+    public function __construct(private ClassMap $classMap)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Reset runtime cache.
+     *
+     * @internal
+     * @since 8.4.0
+     */
+    public function resetRuntimeCache(): void
+    {
+        $this->dataHashMap = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Find class name by a category and name.
+     *
+     * @return ?class-string
+     */
+    public function find(string $category, string $name, bool $subDirs = false): ?string
+    {
+        $map = $this->getMap($category, $subDirs);
+
+        return $map[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a name => class name map.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, class-string>
+     */
+    public function getMap(string $category, bool $subDirs = false): array
+    {
+        if (!array_key_exists($category, $this->dataHashMap)) {
+            $this->load($category, $subDirs);
+        }
+
+        return $this->dataHashMap[$category] ?? [];
+    }
+
+    private function load(string $category, bool $subDirs = false): void
+    {
+        $cacheFile = $this->buildCacheKey($category);
+
+        $this->dataHashMap[$category] = $this->classMap->getData($category, $cacheFile, null, $subDirs);
+    }
+
+    private function buildCacheKey(string $category): string
+    {
+        return 'classmap' . str_replace('/', '', $category);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/ActionRenderer.php

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+use Espo\Core\Api\Response;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\ActionRenderer\Params;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Json;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\ClientManager;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Theme\Direction;
+
+/**
+ * Renders a front-end page that executes a controller action. Utilized by entry points.
+ */
+class ActionRenderer
+{
+
+    public function __construct(private ClientManager $clientManager)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * Writes to a body.
+     */
+    public function write(Response $response, Params $params): void
+    {
+        $body = $this->render(
+            controller: $params->getController(),
+            action: $params->getAction(),
+            data: $params->getData(),
+            initAuth: $params->initAuth(),
+            scripts: $params->getScripts(),
+            pageTitle: $params->getPageTitle(),
+            theme: $params->getTheme(),
+            direction: $params->getDirection(),
+            login: $params->login(),
+        );
+
+        $securityParams = $params->getSecurityParams();
+
+        if (!$securityParams && $params->getFrameAncestors()) {
+            $securityParams = new SecurityParams(
+                frameAncestors: $params->getFrameAncestors(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        $this->clientManager->writeHeaders($response, $securityParams);
+
+        $response->writeBody($body);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @param Script[] $scripts
+     */
+    private function render(
+        string $controller,
+        string $action,
+        ?array $data,
+        bool $initAuth,
+        array $scripts,
+        ?string $pageTitle,
+        ?string $theme,
+        ?Direction $direction,
+        bool $login,
+    ): string {
+
+        $encodedData = Json::encode($data);
+
+        $doActionPart = <<<EOF
+                        app.doAction({
+                            controllerClassName: '$controller',
+                            action: '$action',
+                            options: $encodedData,
+                        });
+        EOF;
+
+        if ($login) {
+            $script = <<<EOF
+            app.start({
+                            onAuth: () => {
+            $doActionPart
+                                },
+                            });
+            EOF;
+        } else {
+            $initAuthPart = $initAuth ? "app.initAuth();\n" : '';
+
+            $script = <<<EOF
+            {$initAuthPart}
+            EOF . "\n" . $doActionPart;
+        }
+
+        $params = new RenderParams(
+            runScript: $script,
+            scripts: $scripts,
+            pageTitle: $pageTitle,
+            theme: $theme,
+            direction: $direction,
+            useRouter: false,
+        );
+
+        return $this->clientManager->render($params);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/ActionRenderer/Params.php

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client\ActionRenderer;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\Script;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\SecurityParams;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Theme\Direction;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable.
+ */
+class Params
+{
+    /** @var ?array<string, mixed> */
+    private ?array $data;
+    private bool $initAuth = false;
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private array $frameAncestors = [];
+    /** @var Script[] */
+    private array $scripts = [];
+    private ?string $pageTitle = null;
+    private ?string $theme = null;
+    private ?Direction $direction = null;
+    private bool $login = false;
+    private ?SecurityParams $securityParams = null;
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        private string $controller,
+        private string $action,
+        ?array $data = null,
+    ) {
+        $this->data = $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public static function create(string $controller, string $action, ?array $data = null): self
+    {
+        return new self($controller, $action, $data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public function withData(array $data): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->data = $data;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withInitAuth(bool $initAuth = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->initAuth = $initAuth;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of v10.1.0. Use `withSecurityParams`.
+     * @param string[] $frameAncestors
+     * @since 9.0.0
+     * @todo Remove in v11.0.
+     */
+    public function withFrameAncestors(array $frameAncestors): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->frameAncestors = $frameAncestors;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Script[] $scripts
+     * @since 9.0.0
+     */
+    public function withScripts(array $scripts): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->scripts = $scripts;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 9.1.0
+     */
+    public function withPageTitle(?string $pageTitle): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->pageTitle = $pageTitle;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 9.1.0
+     */
+    public function withTheme(?string $theme): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->theme = $theme;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withDirection(?Direction $direction): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->direction = $direction;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function withLogin(bool $login = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->login = $login;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function withSecurityParams(?SecurityParams $securityParams): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->securityParams = $securityParams;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function getController(): string
+    {
+        return $this->controller;
+    }
+
+    public function getAction(): string
+    {
+        return $this->action;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return ?array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function getData(): ?array
+    {
+        return $this->data;
+    }
+
+    public function initAuth(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->initAuth;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of v10.1.0. Use `getSecurityParams`.
+     * @return string[]
+     * @since 9.0.0
+     * @todo Remove in v11.0.
+     */
+    public function getFrameAncestors(): array
+    {
+        return $this->frameAncestors;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Script[]
+     * @since 9.0.0
+     */
+    public function getScripts(): array
+    {
+        return $this->scripts;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 9.1.0
+     */
+    public function getPageTitle(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->pageTitle;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 9.1.0
+     */
+    public function getTheme(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->theme;
+    }
+
+    public function getDirection(): ?Direction
+    {
+        return $this->direction;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function login(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->login;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function getSecurityParams(): ?SecurityParams
+    {
+        return $this->securityParams;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/DevModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Module;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+
+/**
+ * Allows bundled extensions to work when the system is in the developer mode.
+ */
+class DevModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Module $module,
+        private FileManager $fileManager,
+        private Config $config,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        $developedModule = $this->config->get('developedModule');
+
+        if (!$developedModule) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $output = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->getBundledModuleList() as $module) {
+            if ($module === $developedModule) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $file = "client/custom/modules/$module/lib/init.js";
+
+            if ($this->fileManager->exists($file)) {
+                $output[] = $file;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $output;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getBundledModuleList(): array
+    {
+        $modules = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->module->getList(),
+            fn ($item) => $this->module->get([$item, 'bundled'])
+        ));
+
+        return array_map(
+            fn ($item) => Util::fromCamelCase($item, '-'),
+            $modules
+        );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/DevModeJsFileListProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * @internal Also used by the installer w/o DI.
+ */
+class DevModeJsFileListProvider
+{
+    private const LIBS_FILE = 'frontend/libs.json';
+
+    public function __construct(private FileManager $fileManager)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function get(): array
+    {
+        $list = [];
+
+        $items = json_decode($this->fileManager->getContents(self::LIBS_FILE));
+
+        foreach ($items as $item) {
+            if (!($item->bundle ?? false)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $files = $item->files ?? null;
+
+            if ($files !== null) {
+                $list = array_merge(
+                    $list,
+                    array_map(
+                        fn ($item) => self::prepareBundleLibFilePath($item),
+                        $files
+                    )
+                );
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!isset($item->src)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $list[] = self::prepareBundleLibFilePath($item);
+        }
+
+        return $list;
+    }
+
+
+    private function prepareBundleLibFilePath(object $item): string
+    {
+        $amdId = $item->amdId ?? null;
+
+        if ($amdId) {
+            $file = $amdId;
+
+            if (str_starts_with($amdId, '@')) {
+                $file = substr($amdId, 1);
+                $file = str_replace('/', '-', $file);
+            }
+
+            return 'client/lib/original/' . $file . '.js';
+        }
+
+        $src = $item->src ?? null;
+
+        if (!$src) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Missing 'src' in bundled lib definition.");
+        }
+
+        $arr = explode('/', $src);
+
+        return 'client/lib/original/' . array_slice($arr, -1)[0];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/LoaderParamsProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+
+class LoaderParamsProvider
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getLibsConfig(): object
+    {
+        return (object) $this->metadata->get(['app', 'jsLibs'], []);
+    }
+
+    public function getAliasMap(): object
+    {
+        $map = (object) [];
+
+        /** @var array<string, array<string, mixed>> $libs */
+        $libs = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'jsLibs'], []);
+
+        foreach ($libs as $name => $item) {
+            /** @var ?string[] $aliases */
+            $aliases = $item['aliases'] ?? null;
+
+            $map->$name = 'lib!' . $name;
+
+            if ($aliases) {
+                foreach ($aliases as $alias) {
+                    $map->$alias = 'lib!' . $name;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $map;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/RenderParams.php

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Theme\Direction;
+
+readonly class RenderParams
+{
+    /**
+     * @param ?string $runScript A JS run-script.
+     * @param Script[] $scripts Scripts to include on the page.
+     * @param ?string $pageTitle A page title. Since 9.1.0.
+     * @param ?string $theme A page theme name.
+     * @param ?Direction $direction A document direction.
+     * @param bool $useRouter Use the frontend router. As of v10.1.0.
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        public ?string $runScript = null,
+        public array $scripts = [],
+        public ?string $pageTitle = null,
+        public ?string $theme = null,
+        public ?Direction $direction = null,
+        public bool $useRouter = true,
+    ) {}
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/Script.php

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+class Script
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        readonly public string $source,
+        readonly public bool $cacheBusting = false,
+        readonly public bool $async = false,
+        readonly public bool $defer = false,
+    ) {}
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Client/SecurityParams.php

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Client;
+
+readonly class SecurityParams
+{
+    /**
+     * @param string[] $frameAncestors
+     * @param ?string[] $formAction
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        public array $frameAncestors = [],
+        public ?array $formAction = null,
+    ) {}
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/ClientManager.php

@@ -0,0 +1,559 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Api\Response;
+use Espo\Core\Api\ResponseWrapper;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\DevModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\DevModeJsFileListProvider;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\LoaderParamsProvider;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\RenderParams;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\Script;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Client\SecurityParams;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\ApplicationConfig;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\SystemConfig;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Theme\Direction;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Theme\MetadataProvider as ThemeMetadataProvider;
+use Slim\Psr7\Response as Psr7Response;
+use Slim\ResponseEmitter;
+
+/**
+ * Renders the main HTML page.
+ */
+class ClientManager
+{
+    private string $mainHtmlFilePath = 'html/main.html';
+    private string $runScript = 'app.start();';
+    private string $faviconAlternate = 'client/img/favicon.ico';
+    private string $favicon = 'client/img/favicon.svg';
+    private string $basePath = '';
+    private string $apiUrl = 'api/v1';
+    private string $applicationId = 'espocrm';
+
+    private string $nonce;
+
+    private const string APP_DESCRIPTION = "EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.";
+    private const string APP_NAME = 'EspoCRM';
+
+    private const int AJAX_TIMEOUT = 60000;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private ThemeManager $themeManager,
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private FileManager $fileManager,
+        private DevModeJsFileListProvider $devModeJsFileListProvider,
+        private DevModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider $devModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider,
+        private Module $module,
+        private LoaderParamsProvider $loaderParamsProvider,
+        private SystemConfig $systemConfig,
+        private ApplicationConfig $applicationConfig,
+        private ThemeMetadataProvider $themeMetadataProvider,
+    ) {
+        $this->nonce = Util::generateCryptId();
+    }
+
+    public function setBasePath(string $basePath): void
+    {
+        $this->basePath = $basePath;
+    }
+
+    public function getBasePath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->basePath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @todo Move to a separate class.
+     */
+    public function writeHeaders(Response $response, ?SecurityParams $params = null): void
+    {
+        if ($this->config->get('clientSecurityHeadersDisabled')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $params ??= new SecurityParams();
+
+        $response->setHeader('X-Content-Type-Options', 'nosniff');
+
+        $this->writeContentSecurityPolicyHeader($response, $params);
+        $this->writeStrictTransportSecurityHeader($response);
+    }
+
+    private function writeContentSecurityPolicyHeader(Response $response, SecurityParams $params): void
+    {
+        if ($this->config->get('clientCspDisabled')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $string = "script-src 'self' 'nonce-$this->nonce' 'unsafe-eval'";
+
+        /** @var string[] $scriptSourceList */
+        $scriptSourceList = $this->config->get('clientCspScriptSourceList') ?? [];
+
+        foreach ($scriptSourceList as $src) {
+            $string .= ' ' . $src;
+        }
+
+        if ($params->formAction !== null) {
+            if ($params->formAction !== []) {
+                $string .= '; form-action';
+
+                foreach ($params->formAction as $item) {
+                    $string .= ' ' . $item;
+                }
+            }
+
+        } else if (!$this->config->get('clientCspFormActionDisabled')) {
+            $string .= "; form-action 'self'";
+        }
+
+        // Checking the parameter for bc.
+        if (!$this->config->get('clientXFrameOptionsHeaderDisabled')) {
+            $string .= '; frame-ancestors';
+
+            foreach (["'self'", ...$params->frameAncestors] as $item) {
+                $string .= ' ' . $item;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $response->setHeader('Content-Security-Policy', $string);
+    }
+
+    private function writeStrictTransportSecurityHeader(Response $response): void
+    {
+        if ($this->config->get('clientStrictTransportSecurityHeaderDisabled')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $siteUrl = $this->applicationConfig->getSiteUrl();
+
+        if (str_starts_with($siteUrl, 'https://')) {
+            $response->setHeader('Strict-Transport-Security', 'max-age=10368000');
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $vars
+     */
+    public function display(?string $runScript = null, ?string $htmlFilePath = null, array $vars = []): void
+    {
+        $body = $this->renderInternal($runScript, $htmlFilePath, $vars);
+
+        $response = new ResponseWrapper(new Psr7Response());
+
+        $this->writeHeaders($response);
+        $response->writeBody($body);
+
+        (new ResponseEmitter())->emit($response->toPsr7());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Render.
+     *
+     * @param RenderParams $params Parameters.
+     * @return string A result HTML.
+     */
+    public function render(RenderParams $params): string
+    {
+        return $this->renderInternal(
+            runScript: $params->runScript,
+            additionalScripts: $params->scripts,
+            pageTitle: $params->pageTitle,
+            theme: $params->theme,
+            direction: $params->direction,
+            useRouter: $params->useRouter,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $vars
+     * @param Script[] $additionalScripts
+     */
+    private function renderInternal(
+        ?string $runScript = null,
+        ?string $htmlFilePath = null,
+        array $vars = [],
+        array $additionalScripts = [],
+        ?string $pageTitle = null,
+        ?string $theme = null,
+        ?Direction $direction = null,
+        bool $useRouter = true,
+    ): string {
+
+        $runScript ??= $this->runScript;
+        $htmlFilePath ??= $this->mainHtmlFilePath;
+
+        $cacheTimestamp = $this->getCacheTimestamp();
+        $jsFileList = $this->getJsFileList();
+        $appTimestamp = $this->getAppTimestamp();
+
+        if ($this->isDeveloperMode()) {
+            $useCache = $this->useCacheInDeveloperMode();
+            $loaderCacheTimestamp = null;
+        } else {
+            $useCache = $this->useCache();
+            $loaderCacheTimestamp = $appTimestamp;
+        }
+
+        $cssFileList = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'client', 'cssList'], []);
+        $linkList = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'client', 'linkList'], []);
+
+        $faviconAlternate = $this->metadata->get('app.client.faviconAlternate') ?? $this->faviconAlternate;
+        [$favicon, $faviconType] = $this->getFaviconData();
+
+        $scriptsHtml = implode('',
+            array_map(fn ($file) => $this->getScriptItemHtml($file, $appTimestamp), $jsFileList)
+        );
+
+        foreach ($additionalScripts as $it) {
+            $scriptsHtml .= $this->getScriptItemHtml(
+                file: null,
+                appTimestamp: $appTimestamp,
+                withNonce: true,
+                cache: $it->cacheBusting,
+                source: $it->source,
+                async: $it->async,
+                defer: $it->defer,
+            );
+        }
+
+        $additionalStyleSheetsHtml = implode('',
+            array_map(fn ($file) => $this->getCssItemHtml($file, $appTimestamp), $cssFileList)
+        );
+
+        $linksHtml = implode('',
+            array_map(fn ($item) => $this->getLinkItemHtml($item, $appTimestamp), $linkList)
+        );
+
+        $internalModuleList = array_map(
+            fn ($moduleName) => Util::fromCamelCase($moduleName, '-'),
+            $this->module->getInternalList()
+        );
+
+        $stylesheet = $theme ?
+            $this->themeMetadataProvider->getStylesheet($theme) :
+            $this->themeManager->getStylesheet();
+
+        $direction ??= $this->themeManager->getDirection();
+
+        $data = [
+            'applicationId' => $this->applicationId,
+            'apiUrl' => $this->apiUrl,
+            'applicationName' => $this->getApplicationName($pageTitle),
+            'cacheTimestamp' => $cacheTimestamp,
+            'appTimestamp' => $appTimestamp,
+            'loaderCacheTimestamp' => Json::encode($loaderCacheTimestamp),
+            'stylesheet' => $stylesheet,
+            'direction' => $direction->value,
+            'theme' => Json::encode($theme),
+            'runScript' => $runScript,
+            'basePath' => $this->basePath,
+            'useCache' => self::boolToString($useCache),
+            'appClientClassName' => 'app',
+            'scriptsHtml' => $scriptsHtml,
+            'additionalStyleSheetsHtml' => $additionalStyleSheetsHtml,
+            'linksHtml' => $linksHtml,
+            'faviconAlternate' => $faviconAlternate,
+            'favicon' => $favicon,
+            'faviconType' => $faviconType,
+            'ajaxTimeout' => $this->getAjaxTimeout(),
+            'internalModuleList' => Json::encode($internalModuleList),
+            'bundledModuleList' => Json::encode($this->getBundledModuleList()),
+            'applicationDescription' => $this->getApplicationDescription(),
+            'nonce' => $this->nonce,
+            'useRouter' => self::boolToString($useRouter),
+            'loaderParams' => Json::encode([
+                'basePath' => $this->basePath,
+                'cacheTimestamp' => $loaderCacheTimestamp,
+                'internalModuleList' => $internalModuleList,
+                'transpiledModuleList' => $this->getTranspiledModuleList(),
+                'libsConfig' => $this->loaderParamsProvider->getLibsConfig(),
+                'aliasMap' => $this->loaderParamsProvider->getAliasMap(),
+            ]),
+        ];
+
+        $html = $this->fileManager->getContents($htmlFilePath);
+
+        $replaceData = $this->prepareRelaceData($vars, $data);
+
+        return strtr($html, $replaceData);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getJsFileList(): array
+    {
+        if ($this->isDeveloperMode()) {
+            return array_merge(
+                $this->metadata->get(['app', 'client', 'developerModeScriptList']) ?? [],
+                $this->getDeveloperModeBundleLibFileList(),
+                $this->devModeExtensionInitJsFileListProvider->get(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $this->metadata->get(['app', 'client', 'scriptList']) ?? [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getDeveloperModeBundleLibFileList(): array
+    {
+        return $this->devModeJsFileListProvider->get();
+    }
+
+    private function isDeveloperMode(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->config->get('isDeveloperMode');
+    }
+
+    private function useCache(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->systemConfig->useCache();
+    }
+
+    private function useCacheInDeveloperMode(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->config->get('useCacheInDeveloperMode');
+    }
+
+    private function getCacheTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        if (!$this->useCache()) {
+            return time();
+        }
+
+        return $this->config->get('cacheTimestamp', 0);
+    }
+
+    private function getAppTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        if (!$this->useCache()) {
+            return time();
+        }
+
+        return $this->config->get('appTimestamp', 0);
+    }
+
+    private function getScriptItemHtml(
+        ?string $file,
+        int $appTimestamp,
+        bool $withNonce = false,
+        bool $cache = true,
+        ?string $source = null,
+        bool $async = false,
+        bool $defer = false,
+    ): string {
+
+        $src = $source ?? $this->basePath . $file;
+
+        if ($cache) {
+            $src .= '?r=' . $appTimestamp;
+        }
+
+        $noncePart = '';
+
+        if ($withNonce) {
+            $noncePart = " nonce=\"$this->nonce\"";
+        }
+
+        $paramsPart = '';
+
+        if ($async) {
+            $paramsPart .= ' async';
+        }
+
+        if ($defer) {
+            $paramsPart .= ' defer';
+        }
+
+        return $this->getTabHtml() .
+            "<script src=\"$src\" data-base-path=\"$this->basePath\"$noncePart$paramsPart></script>";
+    }
+
+    private function getCssItemHtml(string $file, int $appTimestamp): string
+    {
+        $src = $this->basePath . $file . '?r=' . $appTimestamp;
+
+        return $this->getTabHtml() . "<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"$src\">";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array{
+     *     href: string,
+     *     noTimestamp?: bool,
+     *     as?: string,
+     *     rel?: string,
+     *     type?: string,
+     *     crossorigin?: bool,
+     * } $item
+     */
+    private function getLinkItemHtml(array $item, int $appTimestamp): string
+    {
+        $href = $this->basePath . $item['href'];
+
+        if (empty($item['noTimestamp'])) {
+            $href .= '?r=' . $appTimestamp;
+        }
+
+        $as = $item['as'] ?? '';
+        $rel = $item['rel'] ?? '';
+        $type = $item['type'] ?? '';
+        $part = '';
+
+        if ($item['crossorigin'] ?? false) {
+            $part .= ' crossorigin';
+        }
+
+        return $this->getTabHtml() .
+            "<link rel=\"$rel\" href=\"$href\" as=\"$as\" as=\"$type\"$part>";
+    }
+
+    private function getTabHtml(): string
+    {
+        return "\n        ";
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getTranspiledModuleList(): array
+    {
+        $modules = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->module->getList(),
+            fn ($item) => $this->module->get([$item, 'jsTranspiled'])
+        ));
+
+        return array_map(
+            fn ($item) => Util::fromCamelCase($item, '-'),
+            $modules
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getBundledModuleList(): array
+    {
+        $modules = array_values(array_filter(
+            $this->module->getList(),
+            fn ($item) => $this->module->get([$item, 'bundled'])
+        ));
+
+        return array_map(
+            fn ($item) => Util::fromCamelCase($item, '-'),
+            $modules
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 8.0.0
+     */
+    public function setApiUrl(string $apiUrl): void
+    {
+        $this->apiUrl = $apiUrl;
+    }
+
+    public function setApplicationId(string $applicationId): void
+    {
+        $this->applicationId = $applicationId;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{string, string}
+     */
+    private function getFaviconData(): array
+    {
+        $faviconSvgPath = $this->metadata->get('app.client.favicon') ?? $this->favicon;
+        $faviconType = str_ends_with($faviconSvgPath, '.svg') ? 'image/svg+xml' : 'image/png';
+
+        return [$faviconSvgPath, $faviconType];
+    }
+
+    private function escapeValue(string $value): string
+    {
+        $value = htmlspecialchars($value, ENT_QUOTES | ENT_SUBSTITUTE, 'UTF-8');
+
+        return str_replace(['{', '}'], ['&#123;', '&#125;'], $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $vars
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @return array<string, string>
+     */
+    private function prepareRelaceData(array $vars, array $data): array
+    {
+        $replaceData = [];
+
+        foreach ($vars as $key => $value) {
+            $replaceData['{{' . $key . '}}'] = (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $vars)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $replaceData['{{' . $key . '}}'] = (string) $value;
+        }
+
+        return $replaceData;
+    }
+
+    private function getApplicationName(?string $pageTitle): string
+    {
+        $value = $pageTitle ?? $this->config->get('applicationName', self::APP_NAME);
+
+        return $this->escapeValue($value);
+    }
+
+    private function getApplicationDescription(): string
+    {
+        $value = $this->config->get('applicationDescription') ?? self::APP_DESCRIPTION;
+
+        return $this->escapeValue($value);
+    }
+
+
+    private static function boolToString(bool $useCache): string
+    {
+        return $useCache ? 'true' : 'false';
+    }
+
+    private function getAjaxTimeout(): int
+    {
+        return (int) ($this->config->get('ajaxTimeout') ?? self::AJAX_TIMEOUT);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config.php

@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config\ConfigFileManager;
+
+use stdClass;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+use const E_USER_DEPRECATED;
+
+/**
+ * Access to the application config parameters.
+ */
+class Config
+{
+    private string $systemConfigPath = 'application/Espo/Resources/defaults/systemConfig.php';
+    private string $configPath = 'data/config.php';
+    private string $internalConfigPath = 'data/config-internal.php';
+    private string $overrideConfigPath = 'data/config-override.php';
+    private string $internalOverrideConfigPath = 'data/config-internal-override.php';
+    private string $stateConfigPath = 'data/state.php';
+    private string $cacheTimestamp = 'cacheTimestamp';
+    /** @var string[] */
+    protected $associativeArrayAttributeList = [
+        'currencyRates',
+        'database',
+        'logger',
+        'defaultPermissions',
+    ];
+
+    /** @var ?array<string, mixed> */
+    private $data = null;
+    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+    private $changedData = [];
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private $removeData = [];
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private $internalParamList = [];
+
+    public function __construct(private ConfigFileManager $fileManager)
+    {}
+
+    /**
+     * A path to the config file.
+     *
+     * @todo Move to ConfigData.
+     */
+    public function getConfigPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->configPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A path to the internal config file.
+     *
+     * @todo Move to ConfigData.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public function getInternalConfigPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->internalConfigPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @todo Move to ConfigData.
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public function getStateConfigPath(): string
+    {
+        return $this->stateConfigPath;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a parameter value.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $default
+     * @return mixed
+     */
+    public function get(string $name, $default = null)
+    {
+        $keys = explode('.', $name);
+
+        $lastBranch = $this->getData();
+
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if (!is_array($lastBranch) && !is_object($lastBranch)) {
+                return $default;
+            }
+
+            if (is_array($lastBranch) && !array_key_exists($key, $lastBranch)) {
+                return $default;
+            }
+
+            if (is_object($lastBranch) && !property_exists($lastBranch, $key)) {
+                return $default;
+            }
+
+            if (is_array($lastBranch)) {
+                $lastBranch = $lastBranch[$key];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $lastBranch = $lastBranch->$key;
+        }
+
+        return $lastBranch;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether a parameter is set.
+     */
+    public function has(string $name): bool
+    {
+        $keys = explode('.', $name);
+
+        $lastBranch = $this->getData();
+
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if (!is_array($lastBranch) && !is_object($lastBranch)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (is_array($lastBranch) && !array_key_exists($key, $lastBranch)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (is_object($lastBranch) && !property_exists($lastBranch, $key)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (is_array($lastBranch)) {
+                $lastBranch = $lastBranch[$key];
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $lastBranch = $lastBranch->$key;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Re-load data.
+     *
+     * @todo Get rid of this method. Use ConfigData as a dependency.
+     * `$configData->update();`
+     */
+    public function update(): void
+    {
+        $this->load();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of v7.0. Use ConfigWriter instead.
+     *
+     * @param string|array<string, mixed>|stdClass $name
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    public function set($name, $value = null, bool $dontMarkDirty = false): void
+    {
+        if (is_object($name)) {
+            $name = get_object_vars($name);
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($name)) {
+            $name = [$name => $value];
+        }
+
+        foreach ($name as $key => $value) {
+            if (in_array($key, $this->associativeArrayAttributeList) && is_object($value)) {
+                $value = (array) $value;
+            }
+
+            $this->data[$key] = $value;
+
+            if (!$dontMarkDirty) {
+                $this->changedData[$key] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of v7.0. Use ConfigWriter instead.
+     */
+    public function remove(string $name): bool
+    {
+        assert($this->data !== null);
+
+        if (array_key_exists($name, $this->data)) {
+            unset($this->data[$name]);
+
+            $this->removeData[] = $name;
+
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of v7.0. Use ConfigWriter instead.
+     * @return bool
+     */
+    public function save()
+    {
+        trigger_error(
+            "Config::save is deprecated. Use `Espo\Core\Utils\Config\ConfigWriter` to save the config.",
+            E_USER_DEPRECATED
+        );
+
+        $values = $this->changedData;
+
+        if (!isset($values[$this->cacheTimestamp])) {
+            /** @noinspection PhpDeprecationInspection */
+            $values = array_merge($this->updateCacheTimestamp(true) ?? [], $values);
+        }
+
+        $removeData = empty($this->removeData) ? null : $this->removeData;
+
+        $configPath = $this->getConfigPath();
+
+        if (!$this->fileManager->isFile($configPath)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Config file '$configPath' is not found.");
+        }
+
+        $data = include($configPath);
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            $data = include($configPath);
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($values)) {
+            foreach ($values as $key => $value) {
+                $data[$key] = $value;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($removeData)) {
+            foreach ($removeData as $key) {
+                unset($data[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Invalid config data while saving.');
+        }
+
+        $data['microtime'] = microtime(true);
+
+        $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($configPath, $data);
+
+        $this->changedData = [];
+        $this->removeData = [];
+
+        $this->load();
+
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    private function isLoaded(): bool
+    {
+        return !empty($this->data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getData(): array
+    {
+        if (!$this->isLoaded()) {
+            $this->load();
+        }
+
+        assert($this->data !== null);
+
+        return $this->data;
+    }
+
+    private function load(): void
+    {
+        $systemData = $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($this->systemConfigPath);
+        $data = $this->readFile($this->configPath);
+        $internalData = $this->readFile($this->internalConfigPath);
+        $overrideData = $this->readFile($this->overrideConfigPath);
+        $internalOverrideData = $this->readFile($this->internalOverrideConfigPath);
+        $stateConfigData = $this->readFile($this->stateConfigPath);
+
+        $this->data = $this->mergeData(
+            systemData: $systemData,
+            data: $data,
+            internalData: $internalData,
+            overrideData: $overrideData,
+            internalOverrideData: $internalOverrideData,
+            stateData: $stateConfigData,
+        );
+
+        $this->internalParamList = array_values(array_merge(
+            array_keys($internalData),
+            array_keys($internalOverrideData)
+        ));
+
+        $this->fileManager->setConfig($this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $systemData
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $internalData
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $overrideData
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $internalOverrideData
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $stateData
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function mergeData(
+        array $systemData,
+        array $data,
+        array $internalData,
+        array $overrideData,
+        array $internalOverrideData,
+        array $stateData,
+    ): array {
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $mergedData */
+        $mergedData = Util::merge($systemData, $data);
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $mergedData */
+        $mergedData = Util::merge($mergedData, $internalData);
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $mergedData */
+        $mergedData = Util::merge($mergedData, $overrideData);
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $mergedData */
+        $mergedData = Util::merge($mergedData, $internalOverrideData);
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $mergedData */
+        $mergedData = Util::merge($mergedData, $stateData);
+
+        return $mergedData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function readFile(string $path): array
+    {
+        return $this->fileManager->isFile($path) ?
+            $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($path) : [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get all parameters excluding those that are set in the internal config.
+     */
+    public function getAllNonInternalData(): stdClass
+    {
+        $data = (object) $this->getData();
+
+        foreach ($this->internalParamList as $param) {
+            unset($data->$param);
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether a parameter is set in the internal config.
+     */
+    public function isInternal(string $name): bool
+    {
+        if (!$this->isLoaded()) {
+            $this->load();
+        }
+
+        return in_array($name, $this->internalParamList);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of 7.0. Use ConfigWriter instead.
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @return void
+     */
+    public function setData($data)
+    {
+        if (is_object($data)) {
+            /** @noinspection PhpParamsInspection */
+            $data = get_object_vars($data);
+        }
+
+        /** @noinspection PhpDeprecationInspection */
+        $this->set($data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated As of 7.0. Use ConfigWriter instead.
+     * @return ?array<string, int>
+     */
+    public function updateCacheTimestamp(bool $returnOnlyValue = false)
+    {
+        $timestamp = [
+            $this->cacheTimestamp => time()
+        ];
+
+        if ($returnOnlyValue) {
+            return $timestamp;
+        }
+
+        /** @noinspection PhpDeprecationInspection */
+        $this->set($timestamp);
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @deprecated Use Espo\Core\Config\ApplicationConfig
+     */
+    public function getSiteUrl(): string
+    {
+        return rtrim($this->get('siteUrl'), '/');
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/Access.php

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\FieldUtil;
+use Espo\Entities\Settings;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\FieldParam;
+
+class Access
+{
+    /** Logged-in users can read. Admin can write. */
+    public const LEVEL_DEFAULT = 'default';
+    /** No one can read/write. */
+    public const LEVEL_SYSTEM = 'system';
+    /** No one can read, admin can write. */
+    public const LEVEL_INTERNAL = 'internal';
+    /** Only super-admin can read/write. */
+    public const LEVEL_SUPER_ADMIN = 'superAdmin';
+    /** Only admin can read/write. */
+    public const LEVEL_ADMIN = 'admin';
+    /** Even not logged-in can read. Admin can write. */
+    public const LEVEL_GLOBAL = 'global';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private FieldUtil $fieldUtil
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Get read-only parameters.
+     *
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getReadOnlyParamList(): array
+    {
+        $itemList = [];
+
+        $fieldDefs = $this->metadata->get(['entityDefs', Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, 'fields']);
+
+        foreach ($fieldDefs as $field => $fieldParams) {
+            if (empty($fieldParams[FieldParam::READ_ONLY])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->fieldUtil->getAttributeList(Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, $field) as $attribute) {
+                $itemList[] = $attribute;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $params = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'config', 'params']) ?? [];
+
+        foreach ($params as $name => $item) {
+            if ($item['readOnly'] ?? false) {
+                $itemList[] = $name;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_values(array_unique($itemList));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getAdminParamList(): array
+    {
+        $itemList = $this->config->get('adminItems') ?? [];
+
+        $fieldDefs = $this->metadata->get(['entityDefs', Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, 'fields']);
+
+        foreach ($fieldDefs as $field => $fieldParams) {
+            if (empty($fieldParams['onlyAdmin'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->fieldUtil->getAttributeList(Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, $field) as $attribute) {
+                $itemList[] = $attribute;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_values(
+            array_merge(
+                $itemList,
+                $this->getParamListByLevel(self::LEVEL_ADMIN)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getInternalParamList(): array
+    {
+        return $this->getParamListByLevel(self::LEVEL_INTERNAL);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getSystemParamList(): array
+    {
+        $itemList = $this->config->get('systemItems') ?? [];
+
+        $fieldDefs = $this->metadata->get(['entityDefs', Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, 'fields']);
+
+        foreach ($fieldDefs as $field => $fieldParams) {
+            if (empty($fieldParams['onlySystem'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->fieldUtil->getAttributeList(Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, $field) as $attribute) {
+                $itemList[] = $attribute;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_values(
+            array_merge(
+                $itemList,
+                $this->getParamListByLevel(self::LEVEL_SYSTEM)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getGlobalParamList(): array
+    {
+        $itemList = $this->config->get('globalItems', []);
+
+        $fieldDefs = $this->metadata->get(['entityDefs', Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, 'fields']);
+
+        foreach ($fieldDefs as $field => $fieldParams) {
+            if (empty($fieldParams['global'])) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            foreach ($this->fieldUtil->getAttributeList(Settings::ENTITY_TYPE, $field) as $attribute) {
+                $itemList[] = $attribute;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return array_values(
+            array_merge(
+                $itemList,
+                $this->getParamListByLevel(self::LEVEL_GLOBAL)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    public function getSuperAdminParamList(): array
+    {
+        return array_values(
+            array_merge(
+                $this->config->get('superAdminItems') ?? [],
+                $this->getParamListByLevel(self::LEVEL_SUPER_ADMIN)
+            )
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param self::LEVEL_* $level
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getParamListByLevel(string $level): array
+    {
+        $itemList = [];
+
+        $params = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'config', 'params']) ?? [];
+
+        foreach ($params as $name => $item) {
+            $levelItem = $item['level'] ?? null;
+
+            if ($levelItem !== $level) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $itemList[] = $name;
+        }
+
+        return $itemList;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/ApplicationConfig.php

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+/**
+ * @since 9.0.0
+ */
+class ApplicationConfig
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getSiteUrl(): string
+    {
+        return rtrim($this->config->get('siteUrl') ?? '', '/');
+    }
+
+    public function getDateFormat(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('dateFormat') ?? 'DD.MM.YYYY';
+    }
+
+    public function getTimeFormat(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('timeFormat') ?? 'HH:mm';
+    }
+
+    public function getTimeZone(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('timeZone') ?? 'UTC';
+    }
+
+    public function getLanguage(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('language') ?? 'en_US';
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 9.2.0
+     */
+    public function getRecordsPerPage(): int
+    {
+        return (int) $this->config->get('recordsPerPage');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function getApplicationName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('applicationName', 'EspoCRM');
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/ConfigFileManager.php

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class ConfigFileManager
+{
+    protected FileManager $fileManager;
+
+    public function __construct()
+    {
+        $this->fileManager = new FileManager();
+    }
+
+    public function setConfig(Config $config): void
+    {
+        $this->fileManager = new FileManager(
+            $config->get('defaultPermissions')
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function isFile(string $filePath): bool
+    {
+        return $this->fileManager->isFile($filePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     * @throws RuntimeException
+     */
+    protected function putPhpContentsInternal(string $path, array $data, bool $useRenaming = false): void
+    {
+        $result = $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($path, $data, true, $useRenaming);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            throw new RuntimeException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public function putPhpContents(string $path, array $data): void
+    {
+        $this->putPhpContentsInternal($path, $data, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public function putPhpContentsNoRenaming(string $path, array $data): void
+    {
+        $this->putPhpContentsInternal($path, $data, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function getPhpContents(string $path): array
+    {
+        $data = $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($path);
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Bad data stored in '{$path}.");
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+        return $data;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/ConfigWriter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Exception;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+/**
+ * Writes into the config.
+ */
+class ConfigWriter
+{
+    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+    private $changedData = [];
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private $removeParamList = [];
+    /** @var string[] */
+    protected $associativeArrayAttributeList = [
+        'currencyRates',
+        'database',
+        'logger',
+        'defaultPermissions',
+    ];
+
+    private string $cacheTimestampParam = 'cacheTimestamp';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private ConfigWriterFileManager $fileManager,
+        private ConfigWriterHelper $helper,
+        private InternalConfigHelper $internalConfigHelper
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Set a parameter.
+     *
+     * @param mixed $value
+     */
+    public function set(string $name, $value): void
+    {
+        if (in_array($name, $this->associativeArrayAttributeList) && is_object($value)) {
+            $value = (array) $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->changedData[$name] = $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set multiple parameters.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     */
+    public function setMultiple(array $params): void
+    {
+        foreach ($params as $name => $value) {
+            $this->set($name, $value);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove a parameter.
+     */
+    public function remove(string $name): void
+    {
+        $this->removeParamList[] = $name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Save config changes to the file.
+     */
+    public function save(): void
+    {
+        $changedData = $this->changedData;
+
+        if (!isset($changedData[$this->cacheTimestampParam])) {
+            $changedData[$this->cacheTimestampParam] = $this->generateCacheTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        $configPath = $this->config->getConfigPath();
+        $internalConfigPath = $this->config->getInternalConfigPath();
+        $stateConfigPath = $this->config->getStateConfigPath();
+
+        if (!$this->fileManager->isFile($configPath)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Config file '$configPath' not found.");
+        }
+
+        $data = $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($configPath);
+
+        $dataInternal = $this->fileManager->isFile($internalConfigPath) ?
+            $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($internalConfigPath) : [];
+
+        $dataState = $this->fileManager->isFile($stateConfigPath) ?
+            $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($stateConfigPath) : [];
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not read config.");
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($dataInternal)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not read config-internal.");
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($dataState)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not read state.");
+        }
+
+        $toSaveInternal = false;
+        $toSaveState = false;
+        $toSaveMain = false;
+
+        foreach (array_merge(array_keys($changedData), $this->removeParamList) as $key) {
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $data)) {
+                $toSaveMain = true;
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $dataInternal)) {
+                $toSaveInternal = true;
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $dataState)) {
+                $toSaveState = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        foreach ($changedData as $key => $value) {
+            if ($this->internalConfigHelper->isParamForStateConfig($key)) {
+                $dataState[$key] = $value;
+
+                unset($data[$key]);
+                unset($dataInternal[$key]);
+
+                $toSaveState = true;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($this->internalConfigHelper->isParamForInternalConfig($key)) {
+                $dataInternal[$key] = $value;
+
+                unset($data[$key]);
+                unset($dataState[$key]);
+
+                $toSaveInternal = true;
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $data[$key] = $value;
+
+            unset($dataState[$key]);
+            unset($dataInternal[$key]);
+
+            $toSaveMain = true;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($this->removeParamList as $key) {
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $data)) {
+                unset($data[$key]);
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $dataInternal)) {
+                unset($dataInternal[$key]);
+            }
+
+            if (array_key_exists($key, $dataState)) {
+                unset($dataState[$key]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($toSaveInternal) {
+            $this->saveData($internalConfigPath, $dataInternal, 'microtimeInternal');
+        }
+
+        if ($toSaveMain) {
+            $this->saveData($configPath, $data, 'microtime');
+        }
+
+        if ($toSaveState) {
+            $this->saveData($stateConfigPath, $dataState, 'microtimeState');
+        }
+
+        $this->changedData = [];
+        $this->removeParamList = [];
+
+        $this->config->update();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    private function saveData(string $path, array &$data, string $timeParam): void
+    {
+        $data[$timeParam] = $microtime = $this->helper->generateMicrotime();
+
+        try {
+            $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($path, $data);
+        } catch (Exception) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not save config.");
+        }
+
+        $reloadedData = $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($path);
+
+        if (
+            is_array($reloadedData) &&
+            $microtime === ($reloadedData[$timeParam] ?? null)
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            $this->fileManager->putPhpContentsNoRenaming($path, $data);
+        } catch (Exception) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not save config.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the cache timestamp.
+     *
+     * @todo Remove? Saving re-writes the cache timestamp anyway.
+     */
+    public function updateCacheTimestamp(): void
+    {
+        $this->set($this->cacheTimestampParam, $this->generateCacheTimestamp());
+    }
+
+    protected function generateCacheTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        return $this->helper->generateCacheTimestamp();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/ConfigWriterFileManager.php

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class ConfigWriterFileManager
+{
+    private FileManager $fileManager;
+
+    /**
+     * @param ?array{
+     *   dir: string|int|null,
+     *   file: string|int|null,
+     *   user: string|int|null,
+     *   group: string|int|null,
+     * } $defaultPermissions
+     */
+    public function __construct(?Config $config = null, ?array $defaultPermissions = null)
+    {
+        $defaultPermissionsToSet = null;
+
+        if ($defaultPermissions) {
+            $defaultPermissionsToSet = $defaultPermissions;
+        } else if ($config) {
+            $defaultPermissionsToSet = $config->get('defaultPermissions');
+        }
+
+        $this->fileManager = new FileManager($defaultPermissionsToSet);
+    }
+
+    public function setConfig(Config $config): void
+    {
+        $this->fileManager = new FileManager(
+            $config->get('defaultPermissions')
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function isFile(string $filePath): bool
+    {
+        return $this->fileManager->isFile($filePath);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    protected function putPhpContentsInternal(string $path, array $data, bool $useRenaming = false): void
+    {
+        $result = $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($path, $data, true, $useRenaming);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            throw new RuntimeException();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data $data
+     */
+    public function putPhpContents(string $path, array $data): void
+    {
+        $this->putPhpContentsInternal($path, $data, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $data
+     */
+    public function putPhpContentsNoRenaming(string $path, array $data): void
+    {
+        $this->putPhpContentsInternal($path, $data, false);
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Supposed to return array. False means the file is being written or corrupted.
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|false
+     */
+    public function getPhpContents(string $path)
+    {
+        try {
+            $data = $this->fileManager->getPhpContents($path);
+        } catch (RuntimeException) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+        return $data;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/ConfigWriterHelper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+class ConfigWriterHelper
+{
+    public function generateCacheTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        return time();
+    }
+
+    public function generateMicrotime(): float
+    {
+        return microtime(true);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/InternalConfigHelper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+
+class InternalConfigHelper
+{
+    /** @var string[]  */
+    private array $stateParamList = [
+        'appTimestamp',
+        'cacheTimestamp',
+        'version',
+        'latestVersion',
+        'latestExtensionVersions',
+        'currencyRates',
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(private Config $config, private Metadata $metadata)
+    {}
+
+    public function isParamForStateConfig(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return in_array($name, $this->stateParamList);
+    }
+
+    public function isParamForInternalConfig(string $name): bool
+    {
+        if ($this->config->isInternal($name)) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (in_array($name, $this->config->get('systemItems') ?? [])) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        $level = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'config', 'params', $name, 'level']);
+
+        if ($level === Access::LEVEL_SYSTEM || $level === Access::LEVEL_INTERNAL) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/MissingDefaultParamsSaver.php

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager as FileManager;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class MissingDefaultParamsSaver
+{
+    private string $defaultConfigPath = 'application/Espo/Resources/defaults/config.php';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private ConfigWriter $configWriter,
+        private FileManager $fileManager
+    ) {}
+
+    public function process(): void
+    {
+        $data = $this->fileManager->getPhpSafeContents($this->defaultConfigPath);
+
+        if (!is_array($data)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException();
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $data */
+
+        $newData = [];
+
+        foreach ($data as $param => $value) {
+            if ($this->config->has($param)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $newData[$param] = $value;
+        }
+
+        if (!count($newData)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $this->configWriter->setMultiple($newData);
+        $this->configWriter->save();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/Populator.php

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\File\Manager;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ * @since 10.0.0
+ */
+class Populator
+{
+    private string $configFile = 'data/config.php';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Manager $fileManager,
+        private MissingDefaultParamsSaver $missingDefaultParamsSaver,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function populate(): void
+    {
+        if (!$this->fileManager->exists($this->configFile)) {
+            $this->fileManager->putPhpContents($this->configFile, []);
+        }
+
+        $this->missingDefaultParamsSaver->process();
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/StateConfig.php

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+/**
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class StateConfig
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getCacheTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('cacheTimestamp') ?? 0;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/StateConfigDirect.php

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+/**
+ * @internal
+ * @since 10.1.0
+ */
+class StateConfigDirect
+{
+    private string $stateConfigPath = 'data/state.php';
+
+    private const string CACHE_TIMESTAMP_KEY = 'cacheTimestamp';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private ConfigFileManager $configFileManager,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getCacheTimestamp(): int
+    {
+        $data = $this->configFileManager->getPhpContents($this->stateConfigPath);
+
+        return $data[self::CACHE_TIMESTAMP_KEY] ?? 0;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Config/SystemConfig.php

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+/**
+ * @since 9.1.0
+ */
+class SystemConfig
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function useCache(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->config->get('useCache');
+    }
+
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->config->get('version');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Is restricted mode.
+     *
+     * @since 9.1.8
+     */
+    public function isRestrictedMode(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->config->get('restrictedMode');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @since 10.0.0
+     */
+    public function isCronEnabled(): bool
+    {
+        return !$this->config->get('cronDisabled');
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * A maintenance mode. Only admin can log in.
+     *
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public function isMaintenanceMode(): bool
+    {
+        return (bool) $this->config->get('maintenanceMode');
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Crypt.php

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class Crypt
+{
+    private string $cryptKey;
+    private ?string $key = null;
+    private ?string $iv = null;
+
+    public function __construct(Config $config)
+    {
+        $this->cryptKey = $config->get('cryptKey', '');
+    }
+
+    private function getKey(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->key === null) {
+            $this->key = hash('sha256', $this->cryptKey, true);
+        }
+
+        if (!$this->key) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Could not hash the key.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->key;
+    }
+
+    private function getIv(): string
+    {
+        if ($this->iv === null) {
+            if (!extension_loaded('openssl')) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("openssl extension is not loaded.");
+            }
+
+            $iv = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes(16);
+
+            $this->iv = $iv;
+        }
+
+        return $this->iv;
+    }
+
+    public function encrypt(string $string): string
+    {
+        $iv = $this->getIv();
+
+        if (!extension_loaded('openssl')) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("openssl extension is not loaded.");
+        }
+
+        return base64_encode(
+            openssl_encrypt($string, 'aes-256-cbc', $this->getKey(), OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $iv) . $iv
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function decrypt(string $encryptedString): string
+    {
+        $encryptedStringDecoded = base64_decode($encryptedString);
+        $string = substr($encryptedStringDecoded, 0, strlen($encryptedStringDecoded) - 16);
+        $iv = substr($encryptedStringDecoded, -16);
+
+        if (!extension_loaded('openssl')) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("openssl extension is not loaded.");
+        }
+
+        $value = openssl_decrypt($string, 'aes-256-cbc', $this->getKey(), OPENSSL_RAW_DATA, $iv);
+
+        if ($value === false) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("OpenSSL decrypt failure.");
+        }
+
+        return trim($value);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Currency/DatabasePopulator.php

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Currency;
+
+use Espo\Core\Currency\ConfigDataProvider;
+use Espo\Entities\Currency;
+use Espo\ORM\EntityManager;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\Tools\Currency\RateEntryProvider;
+use Espo\Tools\Currency\Exceptions\NotEnabled;
+
+/**
+ * Populates currency rates into database.
+ */
+class DatabasePopulator
+{
+    private const int PRECISION = 6;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private EntityManager $entityManager,
+        private ConfigDataProvider $configDataProvider,
+        private RateEntryProvider $rateEntryProvider,
+    ) {}
+
+    public function process(): void
+    {
+        $defaultCurrency = $this->configDataProvider->getDefaultCurrency();
+        $baseCurrency = $this->configDataProvider->getBaseCurrency();
+
+        $currencyRates = $this->prepareRates($defaultCurrency, $baseCurrency);
+
+        $this->entityManager->getTransactionManager()->start();
+
+        $delete = $this->entityManager->getQueryBuilder()
+            ->delete()
+            ->from(Currency::ENTITY_TYPE)
+            ->build();
+
+        $this->entityManager->getQueryExecutor()->execute($delete);
+
+        foreach ($currencyRates as $currencyName => $rate) {
+            $this->entityManager->createEntity(Currency::ENTITY_TYPE, [
+                Attribute::ID => $currencyName,
+                Currency::FIELD_RATE => $rate,
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        $this->entityManager->getTransactionManager()->commit();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, float> $currencyRates
+     * @return array<string, float>
+     */
+    private function exchangeRates(string $baseCurrency, string $defaultCurrency, array $currencyRates): array
+    {
+        $defaultCurrencyRate = round(1 / $currencyRates[$defaultCurrency], self::PRECISION);
+
+        $exchangedRates = [];
+        $exchangedRates[$baseCurrency] = $defaultCurrencyRate;
+
+        unset($currencyRates[$baseCurrency], $currencyRates[$defaultCurrency]);
+
+        foreach ($currencyRates as $currencyName => $rate) {
+            $exchangedRates[$currencyName] = round($rate * $defaultCurrencyRate, self::PRECISION);
+        }
+
+        return $exchangedRates;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, float>
+     */
+    private function prepareRates(string $defaultCurrency, string $baseCurrency): array
+    {
+        $currencyRates = [];
+
+        foreach ($this->configDataProvider->getCurrencyList() as $itCode) {
+            try {
+                $currencyRates[$itCode] = (float) ($this->rateEntryProvider->getRate($itCode) ?? 1);
+            } catch (NotEnabled) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($defaultCurrency !== $baseCurrency) {
+            $currencyRates = $this->exchangeRates($baseCurrency, $defaultCurrency, $currencyRates);
+        }
+
+        $currencyRates[$defaultCurrency] = 1.00;
+
+        return $currencyRates;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/DataCache.php

@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\CacheItem;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions\InvalidArgument;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions\PersistenceError;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Cache\Exceptions\ReadError;
+use Psr\Cache\CacheItemPoolInterface;
+use Psr\Cache\InvalidArgumentException;
+use stdClass;
+
+class DataCache
+{
+    /**
+     * DI qualifier. Can be applied to the DataCache and DataCacheAccess dependencies.
+     *
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     */
+    public const string QUALIFIER_SYSTEM = 'system';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private CacheItemPoolInterface $pool,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * Whether is cached.
+     */
+    public function has(string $key): bool
+    {
+        try {
+            return $this->pool->hasItem($key);
+        } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+            throw new InvalidArgument(previous: $e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a stored value. Returns null if not hit.
+     *
+     * @return array<int|string, mixed>|stdClass|null
+     * @throws ReadError If data is corrupted.
+     */
+    public function get(string $key): array|stdClass|null
+    {
+        try {
+            $item = $this->pool->getItem($key);
+        } catch (InvalidArgumentException $e) {
+            throw new InvalidArgument(previous: $e);
+        }
+
+        if (!$item->isHit()) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $value = $item->get();
+
+        if (!is_array($value) && !$value instanceof stdClass) {
+            throw new ReadError("Bad cache data by key '$key'.");
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<int|string, mixed>|stdClass */
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Try to get a stored value. Does not throw ReadError.
+     *
+     * @return array<int|string, mixed>|stdClass|null
+     * @since 9.3.0
+     */
+    public function tryGet(string $key): array|stdClass|null
+    {
+        if (!$this->has($key)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return $this->get($key);
+        } catch (ReadError) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Store in cache.
+     *
+     * @param array<int|string, mixed>|stdClass $data
+     * @throws PersistenceError
+     */
+    public function store(string $key, $data): void
+    {
+        /** @phpstan-var mixed $data */
+
+        if (!$this->checkDataIsValid($data)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgument("Bad cache data type.");
+        }
+
+        $item = new CacheItem(
+            key: $key,
+            value: $data,
+        );
+
+        $result = $this->pool->save($item);
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            throw new PersistenceError("Could not store '$key'.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Removes in cache.
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    public function clear(string $key): void
+    {
+        $this->pool->deleteItem($key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clears all cache.
+     *
+     * @since 10.1.0
+     * @throws PersistenceError
+     */
+    public function clearAll(): void
+    {
+        $result = $this->pool->clear();
+
+        if ($result === false) {
+            throw new PersistenceError("Could not clear cache.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function checkDataIsValid(mixed $data): bool
+    {
+        $isInvalid = !is_array($data) && !$data instanceof stdClass;
+
+        return !$isInvalid;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/DataUtil.php

@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils;
+
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+use LogicException;
+use RuntimeException;
+use stdClass;
+
+class DataUtil
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass $data
+     * @param array<int, string|string[]>|string $unsetList
+     * @return array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass
+     */
+    public static function unsetByKey(&$data, $unsetList, bool $removeEmptyItems = false)
+    {
+        if (empty($unsetList)) {
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        if (is_string($unsetList)) {
+            $unsetList = [$unsetList];
+        } else if (!is_array($unsetList)) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException();
+        }
+
+        foreach ($unsetList as $unsetItem) {
+            if (is_array($unsetItem)) {
+                $path = $unsetItem;
+            } else if (is_string($unsetItem)) {
+                $path = explode('.', $unsetItem);
+            } else {
+                throw new LogicException('Bad unset parameter');
+            }
+
+            $pointer = &$data;
+
+            $elementArr = [];
+            $elementArr[] = &$pointer;
+
+            foreach ($path as $i => $key) {
+                if ($i === count($path) - 1) {
+                    if (is_array($pointer)) {
+                        if (array_key_exists($key, $pointer)) {
+                            unset($pointer[$key]);
+                        }
+
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    if (!is_object($pointer)) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    unset($pointer->$key);
+
+                    if (!$removeEmptyItems) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    for ($j = count($elementArr); $j > 0; $j--) {
+                        $pointerBack =& $elementArr[$j];
+
+                        if (is_object($pointerBack) && count(get_object_vars($pointerBack)) === 0) {
+                            $previous =& $elementArr[$j - 1];
+
+                            if (is_object($previous)) {
+                                $key = $path[$j - 1];
+                                unset($previous->$key);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (is_array($pointer)) {
+                    $pointer = &$pointer[$key];
+                } else if (is_object($pointer)) {
+                    if (!property_exists($pointer, $key)) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    $pointer = &$pointer->$key;
+                }
+
+                $elementArr[] = &$pointer;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass $data
+     * @param mixed $needle
+     * @return array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass
+     */
+    public static function unsetByValue(&$data, $needle)
+    {
+        if (is_object($data)) {
+            foreach (get_object_vars($data) as $key => $value) {
+                self::unsetByValue($data->$key, $needle);
+
+                if ($data->$key === $needle) {
+                    unset($data->$key);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (is_array($data)) {
+            $doReindex = false;
+
+            foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
+                self::unsetByValue($data[$key], $needle);
+
+                if ($data[$key] === $needle) {
+                    unset($data[$key]);
+                    $doReindex = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if ($doReindex) {
+                $data = array_values($data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|stdClass $data
+     * @param array<string, mixed>|stdClass $overrideData
+     * @return array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass
+     */
+    public static function merge($data, $overrideData)
+    {
+        $appendIdentifier = '__APPEND__';
+
+        /** @var mixed $data */
+        /** @var mixed $overrideData */
+
+        if (empty($data) && empty($overrideData)) {
+            if (is_array($data) || is_array($overrideData)) {
+                return [];
+            }
+
+            /** @var array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass */
+            return $overrideData; /** @phpstan-ignore-line */
+        }
+
+        if (is_object($overrideData)) {
+            if (empty($data)) {
+                $data = (object) [];
+            }
+
+            foreach (get_object_vars($overrideData) as $key => $value) {
+                if (isset($data->$key)) {
+                    $data->$key = self::merge($data->$key, $overrideData->$key);
+                } else {
+                    $data->$key = $overrideData->$key;
+                    self::unsetByValue($data->$key, $appendIdentifier);
+                }
+            }
+
+            return $data;
+        }
+
+        if (is_array($overrideData)) {
+            if (empty($data)) {
+                $data = [];
+            }
+
+            /** @var array<string, mixed> $data */
+
+            if (in_array($appendIdentifier, $overrideData)) {
+                foreach ($overrideData as $item) {
+                    if ($item === $appendIdentifier) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    $data[] = $item;
+                }
+
+                return $data;
+            }
+
+            return $overrideData;
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string|int, mixed>|stdClass */
+        return $overrideData;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string[] $path
+     * @since 9.2.0
+     * @internal
+     */
+    public static function setByPath(stdClass $data, array $path, mixed $value): void
+    {
+        if (count($path) === 1) {
+            $property = $path[0];
+
+            $data->$property = $value;
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (count($path) < 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $property = array_shift($path);
+
+        if (!isset($data->$property)) {
+            $data->$property = (object) [];
+        }
+
+        if (!($data->$property instanceof stdClass)) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Cannot set by path. Not an object.");
+        }
+
+        self::setByPath($data->$property, $path, $value);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/ConfigDataProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+interface ConfigDataProvider
+{
+    public function getPlatform(): string;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/ConnectionFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection;
+use Espo\ORM\DatabaseParams;
+
+interface ConnectionFactory
+{
+    public function create(DatabaseParams $databaseParams): Connection;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/ConnectionFactoryFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\BindingContainerBuilder;
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use PDO;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class ConnectionFactoryFactory
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory
+    ) {}
+
+    public function create(string $platform, PDO $pdo): ConnectionFactory
+    {
+        /** @var ?class-string<ConnectionFactory> $className */
+        $className = $this->metadata
+            ->get(['app', 'databasePlatforms', $platform, 'dbalConnectionFactoryClassName']);
+
+        if (!$className) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No DBAL ConnectionFactory for {$platform}.");
+        }
+
+        $bindingContainer = BindingContainerBuilder::create()
+            ->bindInstance(PDO::class, $pdo)
+            ->build();
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->createWithBinding($className, $bindingContainer);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Factories/MysqlConnectionFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Factories;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Driver\PDO\MySQL\Driver as PDOMySQLDriver;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception as DBALException;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\ConnectionFactory;
+use Espo\ORM\DatabaseParams;
+use Espo\ORM\PDO\Options as PdoOptions;
+
+use PDO;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class MysqlConnectionFactory implements ConnectionFactory
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_CHARSET = 'utf8mb4';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private PDO $pdo
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @throws DBALException
+     */
+    public function create(DatabaseParams $databaseParams): Connection
+    {
+        $driver = new PDOMySQLDriver();
+
+        if (!$databaseParams->getHost()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No database host in config.");
+        }
+
+        $params = [
+            'pdo' => $this->pdo,
+            'host' => $databaseParams->getHost(),
+            'driverOptions' => PdoOptions::getOptionsFromDatabaseParams($databaseParams),
+        ];
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getName() !== null) {
+            $params['dbname'] = $databaseParams->getName();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getPort() !== null) {
+            $params['port'] = $databaseParams->getPort();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getUsername() !== null) {
+            $params['user'] = $databaseParams->getUsername();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getPassword() !== null) {
+            $params['password'] = $databaseParams->getPassword();
+        }
+
+        $params['charset'] = $databaseParams->getCharset() ?? self::DEFAULT_CHARSET;
+
+        return new Connection($params, $driver);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Factories/PostgresqlConnectionFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Factories;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Driver\PDO\PgSQL\Driver as PostgreSQLDriver;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Exception as DBALException;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\ConnectionFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Platforms\PostgresqlPlatform;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Helper;
+use Espo\ORM\DatabaseParams;
+use Espo\ORM\PDO\Options as PdoOptions;
+
+use PDO;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class PostgresqlConnectionFactory implements ConnectionFactory
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_CHARSET = 'utf8';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private PDO $pdo,
+        private Helper $helper
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @throws DBALException
+     */
+    public function create(DatabaseParams $databaseParams): Connection
+    {
+        $driver = new PostgreSQLDriver();
+
+        if (!$databaseParams->getHost()) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No database host in config.");
+        }
+
+        $platform = new PostgresqlPlatform();
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getName()) {
+            $platform->setTextSearchConfig($this->helper->getParam('default_text_search_config'));
+        }
+
+        $params = [
+            'platform' => $platform,
+            'pdo' => $this->pdo,
+            'host' => $databaseParams->getHost(),
+            'driverOptions' => PdoOptions::getOptionsFromDatabaseParams($databaseParams),
+        ];
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getName() !== null) {
+            $params['dbname'] = $databaseParams->getName();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getPort() !== null) {
+            $params['port'] = $databaseParams->getPort();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getUsername() !== null) {
+            $params['user'] = $databaseParams->getUsername();
+        }
+
+        if ($databaseParams->getPassword() !== null) {
+            $params['password'] = $databaseParams->getPassword();
+        }
+
+        $params['charset'] = $databaseParams->getCharset() ?? self::DEFAULT_CHARSET;
+
+        return new Connection($params, $driver);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Platforms/Keywords/MariaDb102Keywords.php

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Platforms\Keywords;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\Keywords\MariaDBKeywords;
+
+/**
+ * 'LEAD' happened to be a reserved words on some environments.
+ */
+class MariaDb102Keywords extends MariaDBKeywords
+{
+    /** @deprecated */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return 'MariaDb102';
+    }
+
+    protected function getKeywords(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            ...parent::getKeywords(),
+            'LEAD',
+        ];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Platforms/PostgreSQLSchemaManager.php

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Platforms;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Index;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\PostgreSQLSchemaManager as BasePostgreSQLSchemaManager;
+
+class PostgreSQLSchemaManager extends BasePostgreSQLSchemaManager
+{
+    /**
+     * DBAL does not add the 'fulltext' flag on reverse engineering.
+     */
+    protected function _getPortableTableIndexesList($tableIndexes, $tableName = null)
+    {
+        $indexes = parent::_getPortableTableIndexesList($tableIndexes, $tableName);
+
+        foreach ($tableIndexes as $row) {
+            $key = $row['relname'];
+
+            if (is_string($tableName) && str_starts_with($tableName, '"') && str_ends_with($tableName, '"')) {
+                $tableName = substr($tableName, 1, -1);
+            }
+
+            if ($key === "idx_{$tableName}_system_full_text_search") {
+                $sql = "SELECT indexdef FROM pg_indexes WHERE indexname = '{$key}'";
+
+                $rows = $this->_conn->fetchAllAssociative($sql);
+
+                if (!$rows) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $columns = self::parseColumnsIndexFromDeclaration($rows[0]['indexdef']);
+
+                $indexes[$key] = new Index(
+                    $key,
+                    $columns,
+                    false,
+                    false,
+                    ['fulltext']
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $indexes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private static function parseColumnsIndexFromDeclaration(string $string): array
+    {
+        preg_match('/to_tsvector\((.*),(.*)\)/i', $string, $matches);
+
+        if (!$matches || count($matches) < 3) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $part = $matches[2];
+
+        $part = str_replace("|| ' '::text", '', $part);
+        $part = str_replace("::text", '', $part);
+        $part = str_replace(" ", '', $part);
+        $part = str_replace("||", ' ', $part);
+        $part = str_replace("(", '', $part);
+        $part = str_replace(")", '', $part);
+
+        $list = array_map(
+            fn ($item) => trim($item),
+            explode(' ', $part)
+        );
+
+        return $list;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Platforms/PostgresqlPlatform.php

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Platforms;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\PostgreSQL100Platform;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Index;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Table;
+
+class PostgresqlPlatform extends PostgreSQL100Platform
+{
+    private const TEXT_SEARCH_CONFIG = 'pg_catalog.simple';
+
+    private ?string $textSearchConfig;
+
+    public function setTextSearchConfig(?string $textSearchConfig): void
+    {
+        $this->textSearchConfig = $textSearchConfig;
+    }
+
+    public function createSchemaManager(Connection $connection): PostgreSQLSchemaManager
+    {
+        return new PostgreSQLSchemaManager($connection, $this);
+    }
+
+    public function getCreateIndexSQL(Index $index, $table)
+    {
+        if (!$index->hasFlag('fulltext')) {
+            return parent::getCreateIndexSQL($index, $table);
+        }
+
+        if ($table instanceof Table) {
+            $table = $table->getQuotedName($this);
+        }
+
+        $name = $index->getQuotedName($this);
+        $columns = $index->getColumns();
+
+        if (count($columns) === 0) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException(sprintf(
+                'Incomplete or invalid index definition %s on table %s',
+                $name,
+                $table,
+            ));
+        }
+
+        $columnsPart = implode(" || ' ' || ", $index->getQuotedColumns($this));
+        $partialPart = $this->getPartialIndexSQL($index);
+
+        $textSearchConfig = $this->textSearchConfig ?? self::TEXT_SEARCH_CONFIG;
+        $textSearchConfig = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_.\-]+/', '', $textSearchConfig) ?? '';
+        $configPart = $this->quoteStringLiteral($textSearchConfig);
+
+        return "CREATE INDEX {$name} ON {$table} USING GIN (TO_TSVECTOR({$configPart}, {$columnsPart})) {$partialPart}";
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Types/LongtextType.php

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Types;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\TextType;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL only.
+ */
+class LongtextType extends TextType
+{
+    public const NAME = 'longtext';
+
+    public function getName()
+    {
+        return self::NAME;
+    }
+
+    public function getSQLDeclaration(array $column, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+    {
+        return 'LONGTEXT';
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Types/MediumtextType.php

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Types;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\TextType;
+
+/**
+ * MySQL only.
+ */
+class MediumtextType extends TextType
+{
+    public const NAME = 'mediumtext';
+
+    public function getName()
+    {
+        return self::NAME;
+    }
+
+    public function getSQLDeclaration(array $column, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+    {
+        return 'MEDIUMTEXT';
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Dbal/Types/UuidType.php

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Types;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
+
+/**
+ * Supported in MariaDB from v10.7.
+ */
+class UuidType extends Type
+{
+    public const NAME = 'uuid';
+
+    public function getName()
+    {
+        return self::NAME;
+    }
+
+    public function getSQLDeclaration(array $column, AbstractPlatform $platform)
+    {
+        return 'UUID';
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/DefaultConfigDataProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+
+class DefaultConfigDataProvider implements ConfigDataProvider
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_PLATFORM = 'Mysql';
+
+    public function __construct(private Config $config) {}
+
+    public function getPlatform(): string
+    {
+        return $this->config->get('database.platform') ?? self::DEFAULT_PLATFORM;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/DetailsProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+interface DetailsProvider
+{
+    public function getType(): string;
+
+    public function getVersion(): string;
+
+    public function getServerVersion(): string;
+
+    public function getParam(string $name): ?string;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/DetailsProviderFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\BindingContainerBuilder;
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use PDO;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class DetailsProviderFactory
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory,
+        private Metadata $metadata
+    ) {}
+
+    public function create(string $platform, PDO $pdo): DetailsProvider
+    {
+        /** @var ?class-string<DetailsProvider> $className */
+        $className = $this->metadata
+            ->get(['app', 'databasePlatforms', $platform, 'detailsProviderClassName']);
+
+        if (!$className) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No Details-Provider for {$platform}.");
+        }
+
+        $binding = BindingContainerBuilder::create()
+            ->bindInstance(PDO::class, $pdo)
+            ->build();
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->createWithBinding($className, $binding);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/DetailsProviders/MysqlDetailsProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\DetailsProviders;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\DetailsProvider;
+use PDO;
+
+class MysqlDetailsProvider implements DetailsProvider
+{
+    public const TYPE_MYSQL = 'MySQL';
+    public const TYPE_MARIADB = 'MariaDB';
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private PDO $pdo
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        $version = $this->getFullDatabaseVersion() ?? '';
+
+        if (preg_match('/mariadb/i', $version)) {
+            return self::TYPE_MARIADB;
+        }
+
+        return self::TYPE_MYSQL;
+    }
+
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        $fullVersion = $this->getFullDatabaseVersion() ?? '';
+
+        if (preg_match('/[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/', $fullVersion, $match)) {
+            return $match[0];
+        }
+
+        return '0.0.0';
+    }
+
+    public function getServerVersion(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->getParam('version');
+    }
+
+    public function getParam(string $name): ?string
+    {
+        $sql = "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE :param";
+
+        $sth = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
+        $sth->execute([':param' => $name]);
+
+        $row = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+
+        $index = 1;
+
+        $value = $row[$index] ?: null;
+
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (string) $value;
+    }
+
+    private function getFullDatabaseVersion(): ?string
+    {
+        $sql = "select version()";
+
+        $sth = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
+        $sth->execute();
+
+        /** @var string|null|false $result */
+        $result = $sth->fetchColumn();
+
+        if ($result === false || $result === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/DetailsProviders/PostgresqlDetailsProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\DetailsProviders;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\DetailsProvider;
+use PDO;
+
+class PostgresqlDetailsProvider implements DetailsProvider
+{
+    private const TYPE_POSTGRESQL = 'PostgreSQL';
+
+    public function __construct(private PDO $pdo)
+    {}
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+       return self::TYPE_POSTGRESQL;
+    }
+
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        $fullVersion = $this->getFullDatabaseVersion() ?? '';
+
+        if (preg_match('/[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/', $fullVersion, $match)) {
+            return $match[0];
+        }
+
+        return '0.0';
+    }
+
+    public function getServerVersion(): string
+    {
+        return (string) $this->getFullDatabaseVersion();
+    }
+
+    public function getParam(string $name): ?string
+    {
+        $name = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9_]+/', '', $name);
+
+        $sql = "SHOW {$name}";
+
+        $sth = $this->pdo->query($sql);
+
+        if ($sth === false) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $row = $sth->fetch(PDO::FETCH_NUM);
+
+        if ($row === false) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $value = $row[0] ?: null;
+
+        if ($value === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return (string) $value;
+    }
+
+    private function getFullDatabaseVersion(): ?string
+    {
+        $sql = "select version()";
+
+        $sth = $this->pdo->prepare($sql);
+        $sth->execute();
+
+        /** @var string|null|false $result */
+        $result = $sth->fetchColumn();
+
+        if ($result === false || $result === null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Helper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Connection as DbalConnection;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\DatabaseParamsFactory;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\PDO\PDOFactoryFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\ConnectionFactoryFactory as DBALConnectionFactoryFactory;
+use Espo\ORM\DatabaseParams;
+
+use PDO;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class Helper
+{
+    private ?DbalConnection $dbalConnection = null;
+    private ?PDO $pdo = null;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private PDOFactoryFactory $pdoFactoryFactory,
+        private DBALConnectionFactoryFactory $dbalConnectionFactoryFactory,
+        private ConfigDataProvider $configDataProvider,
+        private DetailsProviderFactory $detailsProviderFactory,
+        private DatabaseParamsFactory $databaseParamsFactory
+    ) {}
+
+    public function getDbalConnection(): DbalConnection
+    {
+        if (!isset($this->dbalConnection)) {
+            $this->dbalConnection = $this->createDbalConnection();
+        }
+
+        return $this->dbalConnection;
+    }
+
+    public function getPDO(): PDO
+    {
+        if (!isset($this->pdo)) {
+            $this->pdo = $this->createPDO();
+        }
+
+        return $this->pdo;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with another PDO connection.
+     */
+    public function withPDO(PDO $pdo): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->pdo = $pdo;
+        $obj->dbalConnection = null;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a PDO connection.
+     */
+    public function createPDO(?DatabaseParams $params = null): PDO
+    {
+        $params = $params ?? $this->databaseParamsFactory->create();
+
+        return $this->pdoFactoryFactory
+            ->create($params->getPlatform() ?? '')
+            ->create($params);
+    }
+
+    private function createDbalConnection(): DbalConnection
+    {
+        $params = $this->databaseParamsFactory->create();
+
+        $platform = $params->getPlatform();
+
+        if (!$platform) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No database platform.");
+        }
+
+        return $this->dbalConnectionFactoryFactory
+            ->create($platform, $this->getPDO())
+            ->create($params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a database type (MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL).
+     */
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->createDetailsProvider()->getType();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a database version.
+     */
+    public function getVersion(): string
+    {
+        return $this->createDetailsProvider()->getVersion();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a database parameter.
+     */
+    public function getParam(string $name): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->createDetailsProvider()->getParam($name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a database server version string.
+     */
+    public function getServerVersion(): string
+    {
+        return $this->createDetailsProvider()->getServerVersion();
+    }
+
+    private function createDetailsProvider(): DetailsProvider
+    {
+        $platform = $this->configDataProvider->getPlatform();
+
+        return $this->detailsProviderFactory->create($platform, $this->getPDO());
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/MetadataProvider.php

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+
+class MetadataProvider
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_ID_LENGTH = 24;
+    private const DEFAULT_ID_DB_TYPE = Types::STRING;
+
+    public function __construct(private Metadata $metadata)
+    {}
+
+    public function getIdLength(): int
+    {
+        return $this->metadata->get(['app', 'recordId', 'length']) ??
+            self::DEFAULT_ID_LENGTH;
+    }
+
+    public function getIdDbType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->metadata->get(['app', 'recordId', 'dbType']) ??
+            self::DEFAULT_ID_DB_TYPE;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/Defs/AttributeDefs.php

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable.
+ */
+class AttributeDefs
+{
+    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+    private array $params = [];
+
+    private function __construct(private string $name) {}
+
+    public static function create(string $name): self
+    {
+        return new self($name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get an attribute name.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a type.
+     *
+     * @return AttributeType::*
+     */
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        /** @var ?AttributeType::* $value */
+        $value = $this->getParam(AttributeParam::TYPE);
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a type.
+     *
+     * @param AttributeType::* $type
+     */
+    public function withType(string $type): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(AttributeParam::TYPE, $type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a DB type.
+     */
+    public function withDbType(string $dbType): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(AttributeParam::DB_TYPE, $dbType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with not-storable.
+     */
+    public function withNotStorable(bool $value = true): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(AttributeParam::NOT_STORABLE, $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a length.
+     */
+    public function withLength(int $length): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(AttributeParam::LEN, $length);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a default value.
+     */
+    public function withDefault(mixed $value): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(AttributeParam::DEFAULT, $value);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether a parameter is set.
+     */
+    public function hasParam(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($name, $this->params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a parameter value.
+     */
+    public function getParam(string $name): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->params[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withParam(string $name, mixed $value): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->params[$name] = $value;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone without a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withoutParam(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->params[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with parameters merged.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     */
+    public function withParamsMerged(array $params): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $params */
+        $params = Util::merge($this->params, $params);
+
+        $obj->params = $params;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To an associative array.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function toAssoc(): array
+    {
+        return $this->params;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/Defs/EntityDefs.php

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\EntityParam;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable.
+ */
+class EntityDefs
+{
+    /** @var array<string, AttributeDefs> */
+    private array $attributes = [];
+    /** @var array<string, RelationDefs> */
+    private array $relations = [];
+    /** @var array<string, IndexDefs> */
+    private array $indexes = [];
+
+    private function __construct() {}
+
+    public static function create(): self
+    {
+        return new self();
+    }
+
+    public function withAttribute(AttributeDefs $attributeDefs): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->attributes[$attributeDefs->getName()] = $attributeDefs;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withRelation(RelationDefs $relationDefs): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->relations[$relationDefs->getName()] = $relationDefs;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withIndex(IndexDefs $index): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->indexes[$index->getName()] = $index;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withoutAttribute(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->attributes[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withoutRelation(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->relations[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withoutIndex(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->indexes[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function getAttribute(string $name): ?AttributeDefs
+    {
+        return $this->attributes[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    public function getRelation(string $name): ?RelationDefs
+    {
+        return $this->relations[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    public function getIndex(string $name): ?IndexDefs
+    {
+        return $this->indexes[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, array<string, mixed>>
+     */
+    public function toAssoc(): array
+    {
+        $data = [];
+
+        if (count($this->attributes)) {
+            $attributesData = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->attributes as $name => $attributeDefs) {
+                $attributesData[$name] = $attributeDefs->toAssoc();
+            }
+
+            $data[EntityParam::ATTRIBUTES] = $attributesData;
+        }
+
+        if (count($this->relations)) {
+            $relationsData = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->relations as $name => $relationDefs) {
+                $relationsData[$name] = $relationDefs->toAssoc();
+            }
+
+            $data[EntityParam::RELATIONS] = $relationsData;
+        }
+
+        if (count($this->indexes)) {
+            $indexesData = [];
+
+            foreach ($this->indexes as $name => $indexDefs) {
+                $indexesData[$name] = $indexDefs->toAssoc();
+            }
+
+            $data[EntityParam::INDEXES] = $indexesData;
+        }
+
+        return $data;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/Defs/IndexDefs.php

@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\IndexParam;
+
+/**
+ * Immutable.
+ */
+class IndexDefs
+{
+    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+    private array $params = [];
+
+    private function __construct(private string $name) {}
+
+    public static function create(string $name): self
+    {
+        return new self($name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a relation name.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether a parameter is set.
+     */
+    public function hasParam(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($name, $this->params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a parameter value.
+     */
+    public function getParam(string $name): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->params[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withParam(string $name, mixed $value): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->params[$name] = $value;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone without a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withoutParam(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->params[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withUnique(): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->params[IndexParam::TYPE] = 'unique';
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withoutUnique(): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->params[IndexParam::TYPE]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withFlag(string $flag): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        $flags = $obj->params[IndexParam::FLAGS] ?? [];
+
+        if (!in_array($flag, $flags)) {
+            $flags[] = $flag;
+        }
+
+        $obj->params[IndexParam::FLAGS] = $flags;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withoutFlag(string $flag): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        $flags = $obj->params[IndexParam::FLAGS] ?? [];
+
+        $index = array_search($flag, $flags, true);
+
+        if ($index !== -1) {
+            unset($flags[$index]);
+            $flags = array_values($flags);
+        }
+
+        $obj->params[IndexParam::FLAGS] = $flags;
+
+        if ($flags === []) {
+            unset($obj->params[IndexParam::FLAGS]);
+        }
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with parameters merged.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     */
+    public function withParamsMerged(array $params): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $params */
+        $params = Util::merge($this->params, $params);
+
+        $obj->params = $params;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To an associative array.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function toAssoc(): array
+    {
+        return $this->params;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/Defs/RelationDefs.php

@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class RelationDefs
+{
+    /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+    private array $params = [];
+
+    private function __construct(private string $name) {}
+
+    public static function create(string $name): self
+    {
+        return new self($name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a relation name.
+     */
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a type.
+     *
+     * @return RelationType::*
+     */
+    public function getType(): ?string
+    {
+        /** @var ?RelationType::* */
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::TYPE);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a type.
+     *
+     * @param RelationType::* $type
+     */
+    public function withType(string $type): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::TYPE, $type);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a foreign entity type.
+     */
+    public function withForeignEntityType(string $entityType): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::ENTITY, $entityType);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a foreign entity type.
+     */
+    public function getForeignEntityType(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::ENTITY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a foreign relation name.
+     */
+    public function withForeignRelationName(?string $name): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::FOREIGN, $name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a foreign relation name.
+     */
+    public function getForeignRelationName(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::FOREIGN);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a relationship name.
+     */
+    public function withRelationshipName(string $name): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::RELATION_NAME, $name);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a foreign relation name.
+     */
+    public function getRelationshipName(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::RELATION_NAME);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a key.
+     */
+    public function withKey(string $key): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::KEY, $key);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a key.
+     */
+    public function getKey(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::KEY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a key.
+     */
+    public function withForeignKey(string $foreignKey): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::FOREIGN_KEY, $foreignKey);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a key.
+     */
+    public function getForeignKey(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->getParam(RelationParam::FOREIGN_KEY);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with middle keys.
+     */
+    public function withMidKeys(string $midKey, string $foreignMidKey): self
+    {
+        return $this->withParam(RelationParam::MID_KEYS, [$midKey, $foreignMidKey]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Whether a parameter is set.
+     */
+    public function hasParam(string $name): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($name, $this->params);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a parameter value.
+     */
+    public function getParam(string $name): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->params[$name] ?? null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withParam(string $name, mixed $value): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->params[$name] = $value;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone without a parameter.
+     */
+    public function withoutParam(string $name): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        unset($obj->params[$name]);
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with conditions. Conditions are used for relationships that share a same middle table.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, scalar|(array<int, mixed>)|null> $conditions
+     */
+    public function withConditions(array $conditions): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        return $obj->withParam(RelationParam::CONDITIONS, $conditions);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with an additional middle table column.
+     */
+    public function withAdditionalColumn(AttributeDefs $attributeDefs): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        /** @var array<string, array<string, mixed>> $list */
+        $list = $obj->getParam(RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS) ?? [];
+
+        $list[$attributeDefs->getName()] = $attributeDefs->toAssoc();
+
+        return $obj->withParam(RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS, $list);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clone with parameters merged.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     */
+    public function withParamsMerged(array $params): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $params */
+        $params = Util::merge($this->params, $params);
+
+        $obj->params = $params;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * To an associative array.
+     *
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function toAssoc(): array
+    {
+        return $this->params;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+
+/**
+ * Converts field definitions to ORM definitions.
+ */
+interface FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/AttachmentMultiple.php

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Name\Field;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Defs\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Query\Part\Order;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class AttachmentMultiple implements FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParamsMerged([
+                        'orderBy' => [
+                            [Field::CREATED_AT, Order::ASC],
+                            [Field::NAME, Order::ASC],
+                        ],
+                        AttributeParam::IS_LINK_MULTIPLE_ID_LIST => true,
+                        'relation' => $name,
+                    ])
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParamsMerged([
+                        AttributeParam::IS_LINK_MULTIPLE_NAME_MAP => true,
+                    ])
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/Currency.php

@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+use Espo\Core\Currency\ConfigDataProvider;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\FieldParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Query\Part\Expression as Expr;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class Currency implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_PRECISION = 13;
+    private const DEFAULT_SCALE = 4;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Config $config,
+        private ConfigDataProvider $configDataProvider
+    ) {}
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $amountDefs = AttributeDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FLOAT)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'attributeRole' => 'value',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::CURRENCY,
+            ]);
+
+        $currencyDefs = AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Currency')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'attributeRole' => 'currency',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::CURRENCY,
+            ]);
+
+        $convertedDefs = null;
+
+        if ($fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::DECIMAL)) {
+            $dbType = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::DB_TYPE) ?? Types::DECIMAL;
+            $precision = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::PRECISION) ?? self::DEFAULT_PRECISION;
+            $scale = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::SCALE) ?? self::DEFAULT_SCALE;
+
+            $amountDefs = $amountDefs
+                ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                ->withDbType($dbType)
+                ->withParam(AttributeParam::PRECISION, $precision)
+                ->withParam(AttributeParam::SCALE, $scale);
+
+            $defaultValue = $fieldDefs->getParam(AttributeParam::DEFAULT);
+
+            if (is_int($defaultValue) || is_float($defaultValue)) {
+                $defaultValue = number_format($defaultValue, $scale, '.', '');
+
+                $amountDefs = $amountDefs->withParam(AttributeParam::DEFAULT, $defaultValue);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            $amountDefs = $amountDefs->withNotStorable();
+            $currencyDefs = $currencyDefs->withNotStorable();
+        }
+
+        if (!$fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            [$amountDefs, $convertedDefs] = ($this->config->get('currencyNoJoinMode') !== false) ?
+                $this->applyNoJoinMode($fieldDefs, $amountDefs) :
+                $this->applyJoinMode($fieldDefs, $amountDefs, $entityType);
+        }
+
+        $entityDefs = EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($amountDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($currencyDefs);
+
+        if ($convertedDefs) {
+            $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withAttribute($convertedDefs);
+        }
+
+        return $entityDefs;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{AttributeDefs, AttributeDefs}
+     */
+    private function applyNoJoinMode(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, AttributeDefs $amountDefs): array
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $currencyAttribute = $name . 'Currency';
+
+        $defaultCurrency = $this->configDataProvider->getDefaultCurrency();
+
+        $rates = $this->configDataProvider->getCurrencyList();
+
+        $expr = Expr::multiply(
+            Expr::column($name),
+            Expr::if(
+                Expr::equal(Expr::column($currencyAttribute), $defaultCurrency),
+                1.0,
+                $this->buildExpression($currencyAttribute, $rates)
+            )
+        )->getValue();
+
+        $exprForeign = Expr::multiply(
+            Expr::column("ALIAS.{$name}"),
+            Expr::if(
+                Expr::equal(Expr::column("ALIAS.{$name}Currency"), $defaultCurrency),
+                1.0,
+                $this->buildExpression("ALIAS.{$name}Currency", $rates)
+            )
+        )->getValue();
+
+        $exprForeign = str_replace('ALIAS', '{alias}', $exprForeign);
+
+        $convertedDefs = AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Converted')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FLOAT)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'select' => [
+                    'select' => $expr,
+                ],
+                'selectForeign' => [
+                    'select' => $exprForeign,
+                ],
+                'where' => [
+                    "=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '=' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    ">" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '>' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    "<" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '<' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    ">=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '>=' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    "<=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '<=' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    "<>" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '!=' => '{value}',
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    "IS NULL" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '=' => null,
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    "IS NOT NULL" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            $expr . '!=' => null,
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                AttributeParam::NOT_STORABLE => true,
+                'order' => [
+                    'order' => [
+                        [$expr, '{direction}'],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'attributeRole' => 'valueConverted',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::CURRENCY,
+            ]);
+
+        return [$amountDefs, $convertedDefs];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string[] $rates
+     */
+    private function buildExpression(string $currencyAttribute, array $rates): Expr|float
+    {
+        if ($rates === []) {
+            return 0.0;
+        }
+
+        $currency = array_shift($rates);
+
+        return Expr::if(
+            Expr::equal(Expr::column($currencyAttribute), $currency),
+            Expr::create("CURRENCY_RATE:('$currency')"),
+            $this->buildExpression($currencyAttribute, $rates)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array{AttributeDefs, AttributeDefs}
+     */
+    private function applyJoinMode(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, AttributeDefs $amountDefs, string $entityType): array
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $alias = $name . 'CurrencyRecordRate';
+        $leftJoins = [
+            [
+                'Currency',
+                $alias,
+                [$alias . '.id:' => $name . 'Currency'],
+            ]
+        ];
+        $foreignCurrencyAlias = "{$alias}{$entityType}{alias}Foreign";
+        $mulExpression = "MUL:({$name}, {$alias}.rate)";
+
+        $amountDefs = $amountDefs->withParamsMerged([
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    [$mulExpression, '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                'additionalSelect' => ["{$alias}.rate"],
+            ]
+        ]);
+
+        $convertedDefs = AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Converted')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FLOAT)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'select' => [
+                    'select' => $mulExpression,
+                    'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                ],
+                'selectForeign' => [
+                    'select' => "MUL:({alias}.{$name}, {$foreignCurrencyAlias}.rate)",
+                    'leftJoins' => [
+                        [
+                            'Currency',
+                            $foreignCurrencyAlias,
+                            [$foreignCurrencyAlias . '.id:' => "{alias}.{$name}Currency"]
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'where' => [
+                    "=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '=' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    ">" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '>' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    "<" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '<' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    ">=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '>=' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    "<=" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '<=' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    "<>" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$mulExpression . '!=' => '{value}'],
+                        'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    ],
+                    "IS NULL" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$name . '=' => null],
+                    ],
+                    "IS NOT NULL" => [
+                        'whereClause' => [$name . '!=' => null],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                AttributeParam::NOT_STORABLE => true,
+                'order' => [
+                    'order' => [
+                        [$mulExpression, '{direction}'],
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => $leftJoins,
+                    'additionalSelect' => ["{$alias}.rate"],
+                ],
+                'attributeRole' => 'valueConverted',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::CURRENCY,
+            ]);
+
+        return [$amountDefs, $convertedDefs];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/Decimal.php

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\FieldParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class Decimal implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_PRECISION = 13;
+    private const DEFAULT_SCALE = 4;
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $dbType = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::DB_TYPE) ?? Types::DECIMAL;
+        $precision = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::PRECISION) ?? self::DEFAULT_PRECISION;
+        $scale = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::SCALE) ?? self::DEFAULT_SCALE;
+        $notStorable = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::NOT_STORABLE);
+
+        $defs = AttributeDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withDbType($dbType)
+            ->withParam(AttributeParam::PRECISION, $precision)
+            ->withParam(AttributeParam::SCALE, $scale);
+
+        if ($notStorable) {
+            $defs = $defs->withParam(AttributeParam::NOT_STORABLE, $notStorable);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($defs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/Email.php

@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Defs\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\EmailAddress;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class Email implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const COLUMN_ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $foreignJoinAlias = "$name$entityType{alias}Foreign";
+        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias = "$name$entityType{alias}ForeignMiddle";
+
+        $emailAddressDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getEmailAddressParams($entityType, $foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $dataDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'Data')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::NOT_EXPORTABLE => true,
+                'isEmailAddressData' => true,
+                'field' => $name,
+            ]);
+
+        $isOptedOutDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'IsOptedOut')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getIsOptedOutParams($foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $isInvalidDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'IsInvalid')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getIsInvalidParams($foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs
+            ::create('emailAddresses')
+            ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+            ->withForeignEntityType(EmailAddress::ENTITY_TYPE)
+            ->withRelationshipName('entityEmailAddress')
+            ->withMidKeys('entityId', 'emailAddressId')
+            ->withConditions(['entityType' => $entityType])
+            ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                AttributeDefs
+                    ::create('entityType')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                    ->withLength(self::COLUMN_ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH)
+            )
+            ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                AttributeDefs
+                    ::create('primary')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+                    ->withDefault(false)
+            );
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($emailAddressDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($dataDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($isOptedOutDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($isInvalidDefs)
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getEmailAddressParams(
+        string $entityType,
+        string $foreignJoinAlias,
+        string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+    ): array {
+
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                "select" => "emailAddresses.name",
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                "select" => "$foreignJoinAlias.name",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityEmailAddress',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        EmailAddress::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.emailAddressId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'fieldType' => FieldType::EMAIL,
+            'where' => [
+                'LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    [
+                                        'emailAddress.id:' => 'emailAddressId',
+                                        'emailAddress.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                "LIKE:(emailAddress.lower, LOWER:({value})):" => null,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    [
+                                        'emailAddress.id:' => 'emailAddressId',
+                                        'emailAddress.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                "LIKE:(emailAddress.lower, LOWER:({value})):" => null,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                '=' => [
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddressesMultiple']],
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        "EQUAL:(emailAddressesMultiple.lower, LOWER:({value})):" => null,
+                    ]
+                ],
+                '<>' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    [
+                                        'emailAddress.id:' => 'emailAddressId',
+                                        'emailAddress.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                "EQUAL:(emailAddress.lower, LOWER:({value})):" => null,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    [
+                                        'emailAddress.id:' => 'emailAddressId',
+                                        'emailAddress.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                "emailAddress.lower" => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    'emailAddress',
+                                    [
+                                        'emailAddress.id:' => 'emailAddressId',
+                                        'emailAddress.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                "emailAddress.lower" => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IS NULL' => [
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddressesMultiple']],
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'emailAddressesMultiple.lower=' => null,
+                    ]
+                ],
+                'IS NOT NULL' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityEmailAddress',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['emailAddresses.lower', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['emailAddresses.lower'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getIsOptedOutParams(string $foreignJoinAlias, string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                'select' => "emailAddresses.optOut",
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                'select' => "$foreignJoinAlias.optOut",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityEmailAddress',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        EmailAddress::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.emailAddressId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'where' => [
+                '= TRUE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        ['emailAddresses.optOut=' => true],
+                        ['emailAddresses.optOut!=' => null],
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ],
+                '= FALSE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'OR' => [
+                            ['emailAddresses.optOut=' => false],
+                            ['emailAddresses.optOut=' => null],
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['emailAddresses.optOut', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['emailAddresses.optOut'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getIsInvalidParams(string $foreignJoinAlias, string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                'select' => "emailAddresses.invalid",
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                'select' => "$foreignJoinAlias.invalid",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityEmailAddress',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        EmailAddress::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.emailAddressId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'where' => [
+                '= TRUE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        ['emailAddresses.invalid=' => true],
+                        ['emailAddresses.invalid!=' => null],
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ],
+                '= FALSE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'OR' => [
+                            ['emailAddresses.invalid=' => false],
+                            ['emailAddresses.invalid=' => null],
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['emailAddresses.invalid', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['emailAddresses', 'emailAddresses', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['emailAddresses.invalid'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/File.php

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Name\Field;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\Attachment;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class File implements FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+
+        $idDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID)
+            ->withParam('index', false);
+
+        $nameDefs = AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN);
+
+        if ($fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withNotStorable();
+
+            $nameDefs = $nameDefs->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR);
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $defaults */
+        $defaults = $fieldDefs->getParam('defaultAttributes') ?? [];
+
+        if (array_key_exists($idName, $defaults)) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withDefault($defaults[$idName]);
+        }
+
+        $relationDefs = null;
+
+        if (!$fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            $nameDefs = $nameDefs->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::RELATION => $name,
+                AttributeParam::FOREIGN => Field::NAME,
+            ]);
+
+            $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+                ->withType(RelationType::BELONGS_TO)
+                ->withForeignEntityType(Attachment::ENTITY_TYPE)
+                ->withKey($idName)
+                ->withForeignKey(Attribute::ID)
+                ->withParam(RelationParam::FOREIGN, null);
+        }
+
+        $entityDefs = EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($nameDefs);
+
+        if ($relationDefs) {
+            $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withRelation($relationDefs);
+        }
+
+        return $entityDefs;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/Link.php

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class Link implements FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+
+        $idDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'index' => $name,
+                'attributeRole' => 'id',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK,
+            ]);
+
+        $nameDefs = AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'attributeRole' => 'name',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK,
+            ]);
+
+        if ($fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withNotStorable();
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $defaults */
+        $defaults = $fieldDefs->getParam('defaultAttributes') ?? [];
+
+        if (array_key_exists($idName, $defaults)) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withDefault($defaults[$idName]);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($nameDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/LinkMultiple.php

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Defs\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class LinkMultiple implements FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $idsName = $name . 'Ids';
+        $namesName = $name . 'Names';
+        $columnsName = $name . 'Columns';
+
+        $idsDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idsName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::IS_LINK_MULTIPLE_ID_LIST => true,
+                'relation' => $name,
+                'isUnordered' => true,
+                'attributeRole' => 'idList',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_MULTIPLE,
+            ]);
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $defaults */
+        $defaults = $fieldDefs->getParam('defaultAttributes') ?? [];
+
+        if (array_key_exists($idsName, $defaults)) {
+            $idsDefs = $idsDefs->withDefault($defaults[$idsName]);
+        }
+
+        $namesDefs = AttributeDefs::create($namesName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::IS_LINK_MULTIPLE_NAME_MAP => true,
+                'attributeRole' => 'nameMap',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_MULTIPLE,
+            ]);
+
+        $orderBy = $fieldDefs->getParam('orderBy');
+        $orderDirection = $fieldDefs->getParam('orderDirection');
+
+        if ($orderBy) {
+            $idsDefs = $idsDefs->withParam('orderBy', $orderBy);
+
+            if ($orderDirection !== null) {
+                $idsDefs = $idsDefs->withParam('orderDirection', $orderDirection);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $columns = $fieldDefs->getParam('columns');
+
+        $columnsDefs = $columns ?
+            AttributeDefs::create($columnsName)
+                ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                ->withNotStorable()
+                ->withParamsMerged([
+                    'columns' => $columns,
+                    'attributeRole' => 'columnsMap',
+                ])
+            : null;
+
+        $entityDefs = EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idsDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($namesDefs);
+
+        if ($columnsDefs) {
+            $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withAttribute($columnsDefs);
+        }
+
+        return $entityDefs;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/LinkOne.php

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class LinkOne implements FieldConverter
+{
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Id')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParamsMerged([
+                        'attributeRole' => 'id',
+                        'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_ONE,
+                    ])
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Name')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParamsMerged([
+                        'attributeRole' => 'name',
+                        'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_ONE,
+                    ])
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/LinkParent.php

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+class LinkParent implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $typeName = $name . 'Type';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+
+        $idDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'index' => $name,
+                'attributeRole' => 'id',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_PARENT,
+            ]);
+
+        $typeDefs = AttributeDefs::create($typeName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_TYPE)
+            ->withParam(AttributeParam::NOT_NULL, false)
+            ->withParam('index', $name)
+            ->withLength(self::TYPE_LENGTH)
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'attributeRole' => 'type',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_PARENT,
+            ]);
+
+        $nameDefs = AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::RELATION => $name,
+                'isParentName' => true,
+                'attributeRole' => 'name',
+                'fieldType' => FieldType::LINK_PARENT,
+            ]);
+
+        if ($fieldDefs->isNotStorable()) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withNotStorable();
+            $typeDefs = $typeDefs->withNotStorable();
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $defaults */
+        $defaults = $fieldDefs->getParam('defaultAttributes') ?? [];
+
+        if (array_key_exists($idName, $defaults)) {
+            $idDefs = $idDefs->withDefault($defaults[$idName]);
+        }
+
+        if (array_key_exists($typeName, $defaults)) {
+            $typeDefs = $idDefs->withDefault($defaults[$typeName]);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($typeDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($nameDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/PersonName.php

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Config;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\FieldParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+/**
+ * @noinspection PhpUnused
+ */
+class PersonName implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const FORMAT_LAST_FIRST = 'lastFirst';
+    private const FORMAT_LAST_FIRST_MIDDLE = 'lastFirstMiddle';
+    private const FORMAT_FIRST_MIDDLE_LAST = 'firstMiddleLast';
+
+    public function __construct(private Config $config) {}
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $format = $this->config->get('personNameFormat');
+
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+        $firstName = 'first' . ucfirst($name);
+        $lastName = 'last' . ucfirst($name);
+        $middleName = 'middle' . ucfirst($name);
+
+        $subList = match ($format) {
+            self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST => [$lastName, ' ', $firstName],
+            self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST_MIDDLE => [$lastName, ' ', $firstName, ' ', $middleName],
+            self::FORMAT_FIRST_MIDDLE_LAST => [$firstName, ' ', $middleName, ' ', $lastName],
+            default => [$firstName, ' ', $lastName],
+        };
+
+        if (
+            $format === self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST_MIDDLE ||
+            $format === self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST
+        ) {
+            $orderBy1Field = $lastName;
+            $orderBy2Field = $firstName;
+        } else {
+            $orderBy1Field = $firstName;
+            $orderBy2Field = $lastName;
+        }
+
+        $fullList = [];
+        $whereItems = [];
+
+        foreach ($subList as $subFieldName) {
+            $fieldNameTrimmed = trim($subFieldName);
+
+            if (empty($fieldNameTrimmed)) {
+                $fullList[] = "'" . $subFieldName . "'";
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $fullList[] = $fieldNameTrimmed;
+            $whereItems[] = $fieldNameTrimmed;
+        }
+
+        $whereItems[] = "CONCAT:($firstName, ' ', $lastName)";
+        $whereItems[] = "CONCAT:($lastName, ' ', $firstName)";
+
+        if ($format === self::FORMAT_FIRST_MIDDLE_LAST) {
+            $whereItems[] = "CONCAT:($firstName, ' ', $middleName, ' ', $lastName)";
+        } else if ($format === self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST_MIDDLE) {
+            $whereItems[] = "CONCAT:($lastName, ' ', $firstName, ' ', $middleName)";
+        }
+
+        $nameColumns = [
+            $firstName,
+            $middleName,
+            $lastName,
+        ];
+
+        $selectExpression = $this->getSelect($fullList);
+        $selectForeignExpression = $this->getSelect($fullList, '{alias}');
+
+        if (
+            $format === self::FORMAT_FIRST_MIDDLE_LAST ||
+            $format === self::FORMAT_LAST_FIRST_MIDDLE
+        ) {
+            $selectExpression = "REPLACE:($selectExpression, '  ', ' ')";
+            $selectForeignExpression = "REPLACE:($selectForeignExpression, '  ', ' ')";
+        }
+
+        $attributeDefs = AttributeDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                'select' => [
+                    'select' => $selectExpression,
+                ],
+                'selectForeign' => [
+                    'select' => $selectForeignExpression,
+                ],
+                'where' => [
+                    'LIKE' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'OR' => array_fill_keys(
+                                array_map(fn ($item) => $item . '*', $whereItems),
+                                '{value}'
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    'NOT LIKE' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'AND' => array_fill_keys(
+                                array_map(fn ($item) => $item . '!*', $whereItems),
+                                '{value}'
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    '=' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'OR' => array_fill_keys($whereItems, '{value}'),
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    '<>' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'AND' => array_fill_keys(
+                                array_map(fn ($item) => $item . '!=', $whereItems),
+                                '{value}'
+                            ),
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                    'IN' => [
+                        // Not supported.
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'false:' => null,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'NOT IN' => [
+                        // Not supported.
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'false:' => null,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'IS NULL' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'AND' => array_fill_keys(
+                                array_map(fn ($item) => $item . '=', $nameColumns),
+                                null
+                            ),
+                        ]
+
+                    ],
+                    'IS NOT NULL' => [
+                        'whereClause' => [
+                            'OR' => array_fill_keys(
+                                array_map(fn ($item) => $item . '!=', $nameColumns),
+                                null
+                            ),
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'order' => [
+                    'order' => [
+                        [$orderBy1Field, '{direction}'],
+                        [$orderBy2Field, '{direction}'],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ]);
+
+        $dependeeAttributeList = $fieldDefs->getParam(FieldParam::DEPENDEE_ATTRIBUTE_LIST);
+
+        if ($dependeeAttributeList) {
+            $attributeDefs = $attributeDefs->withParam(AttributeParam::DEPENDEE_ATTRIBUTE_LIST, $dependeeAttributeList);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($attributeDefs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string[] $fullList
+     */
+    private function getSelect(array $fullList, ?string $alias = null): string
+    {
+        foreach ($fullList as &$item) {
+            $rowItem = trim($item, " '");
+
+            if (empty($rowItem)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($alias) {
+                $item = $alias . '.' . $item;
+            }
+
+            $item = "IFNULL:($item, '')";
+        }
+
+        return "NULLIF:(TRIM:(CONCAT:(" . implode(", ", $fullList) . ")), '')";
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/FieldConverters/Phone.php

@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Defs\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\Core\ORM\Type\FieldType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\FieldConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\PhoneNumber;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\FieldDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+/**
+ * @noinspection PhpUnused
+ */
+class Phone implements FieldConverter
+{
+    private const COLUMN_ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(FieldDefs $fieldDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $fieldDefs->getName();
+
+        $foreignJoinAlias = "$name$entityType{alias}Foreign";
+        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias = "$name$entityType{alias}ForeignMiddle";
+
+        $emailAddressDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getPhoneNumberParams($entityType, $foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $dataDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'Data')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged([
+                AttributeParam::NOT_EXPORTABLE => true,
+                'isPhoneNumberData' => true,
+                'field' => $name,
+            ]);
+
+        $isOptedOutDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'IsOptedOut')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getIsOptedOutParams($foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $isInvalidDefs = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'IsInvalid')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getIsInvalidParams($foreignJoinAlias, $foreignJoinMiddleAlias)
+            );
+
+        $numericAttribute = AttributeDefs
+            ::create($name . 'Numeric')
+            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParamsMerged(
+                $this->getNumericParams($entityType)
+            );
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs
+            ::create('phoneNumbers')
+            ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+            ->withForeignEntityType(PhoneNumber::ENTITY_TYPE)
+            ->withRelationshipName('entityPhoneNumber')
+            ->withMidKeys('entityId', 'phoneNumberId')
+            ->withConditions(['entityType' => $entityType])
+            ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                AttributeDefs
+                    ::create('entityType')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                    ->withLength(self::COLUMN_ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH)
+            )
+            ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                AttributeDefs
+                    ::create('primary')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::BOOL)
+                    ->withDefault(false)
+            );
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($emailAddressDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($dataDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($isOptedOutDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($isInvalidDefs)
+            ->withAttribute($numericAttribute)
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getPhoneNumberParams(
+        string $entityType,
+        string $foreignJoinAlias,
+        string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+    ): array {
+
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                "select" => "phoneNumbers.name",
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                "select" => "$foreignJoinAlias.name",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        PhoneNumber::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.phoneNumberId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'fieldType' => FieldType::PHONE,
+            'where' => [
+                'LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.name*' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.name*' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                '=' => [
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbersMultiple']],
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'phoneNumbersMultiple.name=' => '{value}',
+                    ]
+                ],
+                '<>' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.name' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.name' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.name!=' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IS NULL' => [
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbersMultiple']],
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'phoneNumbersMultiple.name=' => null,
+                    ]
+                ],
+                'IS NOT NULL' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['phoneNumbers.name', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['phoneNumbers.name'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getIsOptedOutParams(string $foreignJoinAlias, string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                'select' => 'phoneNumbers.optOut',
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                'select' => "$foreignJoinAlias.optOut",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        PhoneNumber::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.phoneNumberId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'where' => [
+                '= TRUE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        ['phoneNumbers.optOut=' => true],
+                        ['phoneNumbers.optOut!=' => null],
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ],
+                '= FALSE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'OR' => [
+                            ['phoneNumbers.optOut=' => false],
+                            ['phoneNumbers.optOut=' => null],
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['phoneNumbers.optOut', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['phoneNumbers.optOut'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getIsInvalidParams(string $foreignJoinAlias, string $foreignJoinMiddleAlias): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'select' => [
+                'select' => 'phoneNumbers.invalid',
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+            ],
+            'selectForeign' => [
+                'select' => "$foreignJoinAlias.invalid",
+                'leftJoins' => [
+                    [
+                        'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                        $foreignJoinMiddleAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.entityId:" => "{alias}.id",
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.primary" => true,
+                            "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    [
+                        PhoneNumber::ENTITY_TYPE,
+                        $foreignJoinAlias,
+                        [
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.id:" => "$foreignJoinMiddleAlias.phoneNumberId",
+                            "$foreignJoinAlias.deleted" => false,
+                        ]
+                    ]
+                ],
+            ],
+            'where' => [
+                '= TRUE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        ['phoneNumbers.invalid=' => true],
+                        ['phoneNumbers.invalid!=' => null],
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ],
+                '= FALSE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'OR' => [
+                            ['phoneNumbers.invalid=' => false],
+                            ['phoneNumbers.invalid=' => null],
+                        ]
+                    ],
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                ]
+            ],
+            'order' => [
+                'order' => [
+                    ['phoneNumbers.invalid', '{direction}'],
+                ],
+                'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbers', ['primary' => true]]],
+                'additionalSelect' => ['phoneNumbers.invalid'],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function getNumericParams(string $entityType): array
+    {
+        return [
+            AttributeParam::NOT_EXPORTABLE => true,
+            'where' => [
+                'LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric*' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT LIKE' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ]
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric*' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                '=' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                '<>' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'NOT IN' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id!=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'joins' => [
+                                [
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    'phoneNumber',
+                                    [
+                                        'phoneNumber.id:' => 'phoneNumberId',
+                                        'phoneNumber.deleted' => false,
+                                    ],
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                                'phoneNumber.numeric' => '{value}',
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+                'IS NULL' => [
+                    'leftJoins' => [['phoneNumbers', 'phoneNumbersMultiple']],
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'phoneNumbersMultiple.numeric=' => null,
+                    ]
+                ],
+                'IS NOT NULL' => [
+                    'whereClause' => [
+                        'id=s' => [
+                            'from' => 'EntityPhoneNumber',
+                            'select' => ['entityId'],
+                            'whereClause' => [
+                                Attribute::DELETED => false,
+                                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                            ],
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/IndexHelper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\IndexDefs;
+
+interface IndexHelper
+{
+    /**
+     * Compose an index DB name. Depending on database, the name can be unique, limited by a max length.
+     */
+    public function composeKey(IndexDefs $defs, string $entityType): string;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/IndexHelperFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm;
+
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class IndexHelperFactory
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory
+    ) {}
+
+    public function create(string $platform): IndexHelper
+    {
+        /** @var ?class-string<IndexHelper> $className */
+        $className = $this->metadata
+            ->get(['app', 'databasePlatforms', $platform, 'indexHelperClassName']);
+
+        if (!$className) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No Index Helper for {$platform}");
+        }
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->create($className);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/IndexHelpers/MysqlIndexHelper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\IndexHelpers;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\IndexHelper;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\IndexDefs;
+
+class MysqlIndexHelper implements IndexHelper
+{
+    private const MAX_LENGTH = 60;
+
+    public function composeKey(IndexDefs $defs, string $entityType): string
+    {
+        $name = $defs->getName();
+        $prefix = $defs->isUnique() ? 'UNIQ' : 'IDX';
+
+        $parts = [$prefix, strtoupper(Util::toUnderScore($name))];
+
+        $key = implode('_', $parts);
+
+        return substr($key, 0, self::MAX_LENGTH);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/IndexHelpers/PostgresqlIndexHelper.php

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\IndexHelpers;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\IndexHelper;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\IndexDefs;
+
+class PostgresqlIndexHelper implements IndexHelper
+{
+    private const MAX_LENGTH = 59;
+
+    public function composeKey(IndexDefs $defs, string $entityType): string
+    {
+        $name = $defs->getName();
+        $prefix = $defs->isUnique() ? 'UNIQ' : 'IDX';
+
+        $parts = [
+            $prefix,
+            strtoupper(Util::toUnderScore($entityType)),
+            strtoupper(Util::toUnderScore($name)),
+        ];
+
+        $key = implode('_', $parts);
+
+        return self::decreaseLength($key);
+    }
+
+    private static function decreaseLength(string $key): string
+    {
+        if (strlen($key) <= self::MAX_LENGTH) {
+            return $key;
+        }
+
+        $list = explode('_', $key);
+
+        $maxItemLength = 0;
+        foreach ($list as $item) {
+            if (strlen($item) > $maxItemLength) {
+                $maxItemLength = strlen($item);
+            }
+        }
+        $maxItemLength--;
+
+        $list = array_map(
+            fn ($item) => substr($item, 0, min($maxItemLength, strlen($item))),
+            $list
+        );
+
+        $key = implode('_', $list);
+
+        return self::decreaseLength($key);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+
+/**
+ * Converts link definitions to ORM definitions.
+ */
+interface LinkConverter
+{
+    public function convert(RelationDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/Attachments.php

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use LogicException;
+
+class Attachments implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function __construct(private HasChildren $hasChildren) {}
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+
+        $entityDefs = $this->hasChildren->convert($linkDefs, $entityType);
+
+        $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withAttribute(
+            AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Types')
+                ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                ->withNotStorable()
+        );
+
+        $relationDefs = $entityDefs->getRelation($name);
+
+        if (!$relationDefs) {
+            throw new LogicException();
+        }
+
+        $relationDefs = $relationDefs->withConditions([
+            'OR' => [
+                ['field' => null],
+                ['field' => $name],
+            ]
+        ]);
+
+        return $entityDefs->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/BelongsTo.php

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class BelongsTo implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = $linkDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->hasForeignRelationName() ? $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName() : null;
+        $noIndex = $linkDefs->getParam('noIndex');
+        $noForeignName = $linkDefs->getParam('noForeignName');
+        $foreignName = $linkDefs->getParam('foreignName') ?? 'name';
+        $noJoin = $linkDefs->getParam(RelationParam::NO_JOIN);
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+
+        $idAttributeDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+            ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID)
+            ->withParam('index', !$noIndex);
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::BELONGS_TO)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+            ->withKey($idName)
+            ->withForeignKey('id')
+            ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName);
+
+        if ($linkDefs->getParam(RelationParam::DEFERRED_LOAD)) {
+            $relationDefs = $relationDefs->withParam(RelationParam::DEFERRED_LOAD, true);
+        }
+
+        $nameAttributeDefs = !$noForeignName ?
+            (
+                $noJoin ?
+                    AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+                        ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                        ->withNotStorable()
+                        ->withParam(AttributeParam::RELATION, $name)
+                        ->withParam(AttributeParam::FOREIGN, $foreignName) :
+                    AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+                        ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN)
+                        ->withNotStorable() // Used to be false before v7.4.
+                        ->withParam(AttributeParam::RELATION, $name)
+                        ->withParam(AttributeParam::FOREIGN, $foreignName)
+            ) : null;
+
+        $entityDefs = EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idAttributeDefs)
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+
+        if ($nameAttributeDefs) {
+            $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withAttribute($nameAttributeDefs);
+        }
+
+        return $entityDefs;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/BelongsToParent.php

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class BelongsToParent implements LinkConverter
+{
+    private const TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->hasForeignRelationName() ?
+            $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName() : null;
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+        $typeName = $name . 'Type';
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::BELONGS_TO_PARENT)
+            ->withKey($idName)
+            ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName);
+
+        if ($linkDefs->getParam(RelationParam::DEFERRED_LOAD)) {
+            $relationDefs = $relationDefs->withParam(RelationParam::DEFERRED_LOAD, true);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID)
+                    ->withParam('index', $name)
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($typeName)
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::FOREIGN_TYPE)
+                    ->withParam(AttributeParam::NOT_NULL, false) // Revise whether needed.
+                    ->withParam('index', $name)
+                    ->withLength(self::TYPE_LENGTH)
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+            )
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/EmailEmailAddress.php

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\EmailAddress;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class EmailEmailAddress implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function __construct() {}
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $hasField = $linkDefs->getParam('hasField');
+
+        $foreignEntityType = EmailAddress::ENTITY_TYPE;
+
+        $key1 = lcfirst($entityType) . 'Id';
+        $key2 = lcfirst($foreignEntityType) . 'Id';
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+            ->withKey(Attribute::ID)
+            ->withForeignKey(Attribute::ID)
+            ->withMidKeys($key1, $key2);
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField)
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField)
+            )
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/EntityCollaborator.php

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\User;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+/**
+ * @noinspection PhpUnused
+ */
+class EntityCollaborator implements LinkConverter
+{
+    private const ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $relationshipName = $linkDefs->getRelationshipName();
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withRelation(
+                RelationDefs::create($name)
+                    ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+                    ->withForeignEntityType(User::ENTITY_TYPE)
+                    ->withRelationshipName($relationshipName)
+                    ->withMidKeys('entityId', 'userId')
+                    ->withConditions(['entityType' => $entityType])
+                    ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                        AttributeDefs::create('entityType')
+                            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                            ->withLength(self::ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH)
+                    )
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/EntityTeam.php

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\Team;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class EntityTeam implements LinkConverter
+{
+    private const ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $relationshipName = $linkDefs->getRelationshipName();
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withRelation(
+                RelationDefs::create($name)
+                    ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+                    ->withForeignEntityType(Team::ENTITY_TYPE)
+                    ->withRelationshipName($relationshipName)
+                    ->withMidKeys('entityId', 'teamId')
+                    ->withConditions(['entityType' => $entityType])
+                    ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                        AttributeDefs::create('entityType')
+                            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                            ->withLength(self::ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH)
+                    )
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/EntityUser.php

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\User;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class EntityUser implements LinkConverter
+{
+    private const ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH = 100;
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $relationshipName = $linkDefs->getRelationshipName();
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withRelation(
+                RelationDefs::create($name)
+                    ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+                    ->withForeignEntityType(User::ENTITY_TYPE)
+                    ->withRelationshipName($relationshipName)
+                    ->withMidKeys('entityId', 'userId')
+                    ->withConditions(['entityType' => $entityType])
+                    ->withAdditionalColumn(
+                        AttributeDefs::create('entityType')
+                            ->withType(AttributeType::VARCHAR)
+                            ->withLength(self::ENTITY_TYPE_LENGTH)
+                    )
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/HasChildren.php

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class HasChildren implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = $linkDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->hasForeignRelationName() ? $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName() : null;
+        $hasField = $linkDefs->getParam('hasField');
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::HAS_CHILDREN)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+            ->withForeignKey($foreignRelationName . 'Id')
+            ->withParam('foreignType', $foreignRelationName . 'Type')
+            ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName);
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField) // Revise. Change to notExportable?
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField)
+            )
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/HasMany.php

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Log;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class HasMany implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function __construct(private Log $log) {}
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = $linkDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName();
+        $hasField = $linkDefs->getParam('hasField');
+
+        $type = RelationType::HAS_MANY;
+
+        /*$type = $linkDefs->hasRelationshipName() ?
+            RelationType::MANY_MANY : // Revise.
+            RelationType::HAS_MANY;*/
+
+        if ($linkDefs->hasRelationshipName()) {
+            $this->log->warning(
+                "Issue with the link '{$name}' in '{$entityType}' entity type. Might be the foreign link " .
+                "'{$foreignRelationName}' in '{$foreignEntityType}' entity type is missing. " .
+                "Remove the problem link manually.");
+
+            return EntityDefs::create();
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField) // Revise. Change to notExportable?
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField)
+            )
+            ->withRelation(
+                RelationDefs::create($name)
+                    ->withType($type)
+                    ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+                    ->withForeignKey($foreignRelationName . 'Id')
+                    ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName)
+            );
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/HasOne.php

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class HasOne implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = $linkDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->hasForeignRelationName() ? $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName() : null;
+        $noForeignName = $linkDefs->getParam('noForeignName');
+        $foreignName = $linkDefs->getParam('foreignName') ?? 'name';
+        $noJoin = $linkDefs->getParam('noJoin');
+
+        $idName = $name . 'Id';
+        $nameName = $name . 'Name';
+
+        $idAttributeDefs = AttributeDefs::create($idName)
+            ->withType($noJoin ? AttributeType::VARCHAR : AttributeType::FOREIGN)
+            ->withNotStorable()
+            ->withParam(AttributeParam::RELATION, $name)
+            ->withParam(AttributeParam::FOREIGN, Attribute::ID);
+
+        $nameAttributeDefs = !$noForeignName ?
+            (
+            AttributeDefs::create($nameName)
+                ->withType($noJoin ? AttributeType::VARCHAR : AttributeType::FOREIGN)
+                ->withNotStorable()
+                ->withParam(AttributeParam::RELATION, $name)
+                ->withParam(AttributeParam::FOREIGN, $foreignName)
+            ) : null;
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::HAS_ONE)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType);
+
+        if ($foreignRelationName) {
+            $relationDefs = $relationDefs
+                ->withForeignKey($foreignRelationName . 'Id')
+                ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName);
+        }
+
+        $entityDefs = EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute($idAttributeDefs)
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+
+        if ($nameAttributeDefs) {
+            $entityDefs = $entityDefs->withAttribute($nameAttributeDefs);
+        }
+
+        return $entityDefs;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/ManyMany.php

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Name\Attribute;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class ManyMany implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = $linkDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+        $foreignRelationName = $linkDefs->getForeignRelationName();
+        $hasField = $linkDefs->getParam('hasField');
+        $columnAttributeMap = $linkDefs->getParam('columnAttributeMap');
+
+        $relationshipName = $linkDefs->hasRelationshipName() ?
+            $linkDefs->getRelationshipName() :
+            self::composeRelationshipName($entityType, $foreignEntityType);
+
+        if ($linkDefs->hasMidKey() && $linkDefs->hasForeignMidKey()) {
+            $key1 = $linkDefs->getMidKey();
+            $key2 = $linkDefs->getForeignMidKey();
+        } else {
+            $key1 = lcfirst($entityType) . 'Id';
+            $key2 = lcfirst($foreignEntityType) . 'Id';
+
+            if ($key1 === $key2) {
+                [$key1, $key2] = strcmp($name, $foreignRelationName) > 0 ?
+                    ['leftId', 'rightId'] :
+                    ['rightId', 'leftId'];
+            }
+        }
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+            ->withRelationshipName($relationshipName)
+            ->withKey(Attribute::ID)
+            ->withForeignKey(Attribute::ID)
+            ->withMidKeys($key1, $key2)
+            ->withForeignRelationName($foreignRelationName);
+
+        if ($columnAttributeMap) {
+            $relationDefs = $relationDefs->withParam('columnAttributeMap', $columnAttributeMap);
+        }
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField) // Revise.
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+                    ->withParam('isLinkStub', !$hasField) // Revise.
+            )
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+
+    private static function composeRelationshipName(string $left, string $right): string
+    {
+        $parts = [
+            Util::toCamelCase(lcfirst($left)),
+            Util::toCamelCase(lcfirst($right)),
+        ];
+
+        sort($parts);
+
+        return Util::toCamelCase(implode('_', $parts));
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/LinkConverters/SmsPhoneNumber.php

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters;
+
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverter;
+use Espo\Entities\PhoneNumber;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs as LinkDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+class SmsPhoneNumber implements LinkConverter
+{
+    public function __construct() {}
+
+    public function convert(LinkDefs $linkDefs, string $entityType): EntityDefs
+    {
+        $name = $linkDefs->getName();
+        $foreignEntityType = PhoneNumber::ENTITY_TYPE;
+
+        $key1 = lcfirst($entityType) . 'Id';
+        $key2 = lcfirst($foreignEntityType) . 'Id';
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::create($name)
+            ->withType(RelationType::MANY_MANY)
+            ->withForeignEntityType($foreignEntityType)
+            ->withKey('id')
+            ->withForeignKey('id')
+            ->withMidKeys($key1, $key2);
+
+        return EntityDefs::create()
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Ids')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_ARRAY)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+            )
+            ->withAttribute(
+                AttributeDefs::create($name . 'Names')
+                    ->withType(AttributeType::JSON_OBJECT)
+                    ->withNotStorable()
+            )
+            ->withRelation($relationDefs);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Orm/RelationConverter.php

@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm;
+
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\BelongsTo;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\BelongsToParent;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\HasChildren;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\HasMany;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\HasOne;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Orm\LinkConverters\ManyMany;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Log;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\EntityParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\RelationType;
+
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class RelationConverter
+{
+    private const DEFAULT_VARCHAR_LENGTH = 255;
+
+    /**
+     * Parameters to merge from both sides.
+     *
+     * @var string[]
+     */
+    private $mergeParams = [
+        RelationParam::RELATION_NAME,
+        RelationParam::CONDITIONS,
+        RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS,
+        'noJoin',
+        RelationParam::INDEXES,
+    ];
+
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private $manyMergeParams = [
+        RelationParam::ORDER_BY,
+        RelationParam::ORDER,
+    ];
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory,
+        private Log $log
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $name
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     * @param string $entityType
+     * @return ?array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    public function process(string $name, array $params, string $entityType): ?array
+    {
+        $foreignEntityType = $params[RelationParam::ENTITY] ?? null;
+        $foreignLinkName = $params[RelationParam::FOREIGN] ?? null;
+
+        /** @var ?array<string, mixed> $foreignParams */
+        $foreignParams = $foreignEntityType && $foreignLinkName ?
+            $this->metadata->get(['entityDefs', $foreignEntityType, 'links', $foreignLinkName]) :
+            null;
+
+        /** @var ?string $relationshipName */
+        $relationshipName = $params[RelationParam::RELATION_NAME] ?? null;
+
+        if ($relationshipName) {
+            $relationshipName = lcfirst($relationshipName);
+            $params[RelationParam::RELATION_NAME] = $relationshipName;
+        }
+
+        $linkType = $params[RelationParam::TYPE] ?? null;
+        $foreignLinkType = $foreignParams ? $foreignParams[RelationParam::TYPE] : null;
+
+        if (!$linkType) {
+            $this->log->warning("Link $entityType.$name has no type.");
+
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $params['hasField'] = (bool) $this->metadata
+            ->get(['entityDefs', $entityType, 'fields', $name]);
+
+        $relationDefs = RelationDefs::fromRaw($params, $name);
+
+        $converter = $this->createLinkConverter($relationshipName, $linkType, $foreignLinkType);
+
+        $convertedEntityDefs = $converter->convert($relationDefs, $entityType);
+
+        $raw = $convertedEntityDefs->toAssoc();
+
+        if (isset($raw[EntityParam::RELATIONS][$name])) {
+            $defs = &$raw[EntityParam::RELATIONS][$name];
+
+            $this->mergeParams($defs, $params, $foreignParams ?? [], $linkType);
+            $this->correct($defs);
+
+            if ($params[RelationParam::CASCADE_REMOVAL] ?? false) {
+                $defs[RelationParam::CASCADE_REMOVAL] = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return [$entityType => $raw];
+    }
+
+    private function createLinkConverter(?string $relationship, string $type, ?string $foreignType): LinkConverter
+    {
+        $className = $this->getLinkConverterClassName($relationship, $type, $foreignType);
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->create($className);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return class-string<LinkConverter>
+     */
+    private function getLinkConverterClassName(?string $relationship, string $type, ?string $foreignType): string
+    {
+        if ($relationship) {
+            /** @var class-string<LinkConverter> $className */
+            $className = $this->metadata->get(['app', 'relationships', $relationship, 'converterClassName']);
+
+            if ($className) {
+                return $className;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::HAS_MANY && $foreignType === RelationType::HAS_MANY) {
+            return ManyMany::class;
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::HAS_MANY) {
+            return HasMany::class;
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::HAS_CHILDREN) {
+            return HasChildren::class;
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::HAS_ONE) {
+            return HasOne::class;
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::BELONGS_TO) {
+            return BelongsTo::class;
+        }
+
+        if ($type === RelationType::BELONGS_TO_PARENT) {
+            return BelongsToParent::class;
+        }
+
+        throw new RuntimeException("Unsupported link type '$type'.");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $relationDefs
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $foreignParams
+     */
+    private function mergeParams(array &$relationDefs, array $params, array $foreignParams, string $linkType): void
+    {
+        $mergeParams = $this->mergeParams;
+
+        if (
+            $linkType === RelationType::HAS_MANY ||
+            $linkType === RelationType::HAS_CHILDREN
+        ) {
+            $mergeParams = array_merge($mergeParams, $this->manyMergeParams);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($mergeParams as $name) {
+            $additionalParam = $this->getMergedParam($name, $params, $foreignParams);
+
+            if ($additionalParam === null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $relationDefs[$name] = $additionalParam;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $params
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $foreignParams
+     * @return array<string, mixed>|scalar|null
+     */
+    private function getMergedParam(string $name, array $params, array $foreignParams): mixed
+    {
+        $value = $params[$name] ?? null;
+        $foreignValue = $foreignParams[$name] ?? null;
+
+        if ($value !== null && $foreignValue !== null) {
+            if (!empty($value) && !is_array($value)) {
+                return $value;
+            }
+
+            if (!empty($foreignValue) && !is_array($foreignValue)) {
+                return $foreignValue;
+            }
+
+            /** @var array<int|string, mixed> $value */
+            /** @var array<int|string, mixed> $foreignValue */
+
+            /** @var array<string, mixed> */
+            return Util::merge($value, $foreignValue);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($value)) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        if (isset($foreignValue)) {
+            return $foreignValue;
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $relationDefs
+     */
+    private function correct(array &$relationDefs): void
+    {
+        if (
+            isset($relationDefs[RelationParam::ORDER]) &&
+            is_string($relationDefs[RelationParam::ORDER])
+        ) {
+            $relationDefs[RelationParam::ORDER] = strtoupper($relationDefs[RelationParam::ORDER]);
+        }
+
+        if (!isset($relationDefs[RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, array<string, mixed>> $additionalColumns */
+        $additionalColumns = &$relationDefs[RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS];
+
+        foreach ($additionalColumns as &$columnDefs) {
+            $columnDefs[AttributeParam::TYPE] ??= AttributeType::VARCHAR;
+
+            if (
+                $columnDefs[AttributeParam::TYPE] === AttributeType::VARCHAR &&
+                !isset($columnDefs[AttributeParam::LEN])
+            ) {
+                $columnDefs[AttributeParam::LEN] = self::DEFAULT_VARCHAR_LENGTH;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $relationDefs[RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS] = $additionalColumns;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Schema/Builder.php

@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema;
+
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\ConfigDataProvider;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\MetadataProvider as MetadataProvider;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Log;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\EntityDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\IndexDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\EntityParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\RelationParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\RelationDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Entity;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\SchemaException;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Table;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Schema\Schema as DbalSchema;
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type as DbalType;
+use Espo\ORM\Type\AttributeType;
+
+/**
+ * Schema representation builder.
+ */
+class Builder
+{
+    private const ATTR_ID = 'id';
+    private const ATTR_DELETED = 'deleted';
+
+    private int $idLength;
+    private string $idDbType;
+
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private $typeList;
+    private ColumnPreparator $columnPreparator;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Log $log,
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory,
+        ConfigDataProvider $configDataProvider,
+        ColumnPreparatorFactory $columnPreparatorFactory,
+        MetadataProvider $metadataProvider
+    ) {
+        $this->typeList = array_keys(DbalType::getTypesMap());
+
+        $platform = $configDataProvider->getPlatform();
+
+        $this->columnPreparator = $columnPreparatorFactory->create($platform);
+
+        $this->idLength = $metadataProvider->getIdLength();
+        $this->idDbType = $metadataProvider->getIdDbType();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Build a schema representation for an ORM metadata.
+     *
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $ormMeta Raw ORM metadata.
+     * @param ?string[] $entityTypeList Specific entity types.
+     * @throws SchemaException
+     */
+    public function build(array $ormMeta, ?array $entityTypeList = null): DbalSchema
+    {
+        $this->log->debug('Schema\Builder - Start');
+
+        $ormMeta = $this->amendMetadata($ormMeta, $entityTypeList);
+        $tables = [];
+
+        $schema = new DbalSchema();
+
+        foreach ($ormMeta as $entityType => $entityParams) {
+            $entityDefs = EntityDefs::fromRaw($entityParams, $entityType);
+
+            $this->buildEntity($entityDefs, $schema, $tables);
+        }
+
+        foreach ($ormMeta as $entityType => $entityParams) {
+            foreach (($entityParams[EntityParam::RELATIONS] ?? []) as $relationName => $relationParams) {
+                $relationDefs = RelationDefs::fromRaw($relationParams, $relationName);
+
+                if ($relationDefs->getType() !== Entity::MANY_MANY) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $this->buildManyMany($entityType, $relationDefs, $schema, $tables);
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->log->debug('Schema\Builder - End');
+
+        return $schema;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, Table> $tables
+     * @throws SchemaException
+     */
+    private function buildEntity(EntityDefs $entityDefs, DbalSchema $schema, array &$tables): void
+    {
+        if ($entityDefs->getParam('skipRebuild')) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $entityType = $entityDefs->getName();
+
+        $modifier = $this->getEntityDefsModifier($entityDefs);
+
+        if ($modifier) {
+            $modifiedEntityDefs = $modifier->modify($entityDefs);
+
+            $entityDefs = EntityDefs::fromRaw($modifiedEntityDefs->toAssoc(), $entityType);
+        }
+
+        $this->log->debug("Schema\Builder: Entity $entityType");
+
+        $tableName = Util::toUnderScore($entityType);
+
+        if ($schema->hasTable($tableName)) {
+            $tables[$entityType] ??= $schema->getTable($tableName);
+
+            $this->log->debug('Schema\Builder: Table [' . $tableName . '] exists.');
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $table = $schema->createTable($tableName);
+
+        $tables[$entityType] = $table;
+
+        /** @var array<string, mixed> $tableParams */
+        $tableParams = $entityDefs->getParam('params') ?? [];
+
+        foreach ($tableParams as $paramName => $paramValue) {
+            $table->addOption($paramName, $paramValue);
+        }
+
+        $primaryColumns = [];
+
+        foreach ($entityDefs->getAttributeList() as $attributeDefs) {
+            if (
+                $attributeDefs->isNotStorable() ||
+                $attributeDefs->getType() === Entity::FOREIGN
+            ) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $column = $this->columnPreparator->prepare($attributeDefs);
+
+            if ($attributeDefs->getType() === Entity::ID) {
+                $primaryColumns[] = $column->getName();
+            }
+
+            if (!in_array($column->getType(), $this->typeList)) {
+                $this->log->warning(
+                    'Schema\Builder: Column type [' . $column->getType() . '] not supported, ' .
+                    $entityType . ':' . $attributeDefs->getName()
+                );
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if ($table->hasColumn($column->getName())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $this->addColumn($table, $column);
+        }
+
+        $table->setPrimaryKey($primaryColumns);
+
+        $this->addIndexes($table, $entityDefs->getIndexList());
+    }
+
+    private function getEntityDefsModifier(EntityDefs $entityDefs): ?EntityDefsModifier
+    {
+        /** @var ?class-string<EntityDefsModifier> $modifierClassName */
+        $modifierClassName = $entityDefs->getParam('modifierClassName');
+
+        if (!$modifierClassName) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->create($modifierClassName);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $ormMeta
+     * @param ?string[] $entityTypeList
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private function amendMetadata(array $ormMeta, ?array $entityTypeList): array
+    {
+        if (isset($ormMeta['unsetIgnore'])) {
+            $protectedOrmMeta = [];
+
+            foreach ($ormMeta['unsetIgnore'] as $protectedKey) {
+                $protectedOrmMeta = Util::merge(
+                    $protectedOrmMeta,
+                    Util::fillArrayKeys($protectedKey, Util::getValueByKey($ormMeta, $protectedKey))
+                );
+            }
+
+            unset($ormMeta['unsetIgnore']);
+        }
+
+        // Unset some keys.
+        if (isset($ormMeta['unset'])) {
+            /** @var array<string, mixed> $ormMeta */
+            $ormMeta = Util::unsetInArray($ormMeta, $ormMeta['unset']);
+
+            unset($ormMeta['unset']);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($protectedOrmMeta)) {
+            /** @var array<string, mixed> $ormMeta */
+            $ormMeta = Util::merge($ormMeta, $protectedOrmMeta);
+        }
+
+        if (isset($entityTypeList)) {
+            $dependentEntityTypeList = $this->getDependentEntityTypeList($entityTypeList, $ormMeta);
+
+            $this->log->debug(
+                'Schema\Builder: Rebuild for entity types: [' .
+                implode(', ', $entityTypeList) . '] with dependent entity types: [' .
+                implode(', ', $dependentEntityTypeList) . ']'
+            );
+
+            $ormMeta = array_intersect_key($ormMeta, array_flip($dependentEntityTypeList));
+        }
+
+        return $ormMeta;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SchemaException
+     */
+    private function addColumn(Table $table, Column $column): void
+    {
+        $table->addColumn(
+            $column->getName(),
+            $column->getType(),
+            self::convertColumn($column)
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Prepare a relation table for the manyMany relation.
+     *
+     * @param string $entityType
+     * @param array<string, Table> $tables
+     * @throws SchemaException
+     */
+    private function buildManyMany(
+        string $entityType,
+        RelationDefs $relationDefs,
+        DbalSchema $schema,
+        array &$tables
+    ): void {
+
+        $relationshipName = $relationDefs->getRelationshipName();
+
+        if (isset($tables[$relationshipName])) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $tableName = Util::toUnderScore($relationshipName);
+
+        $this->log->debug("Schema\Builder: ManyMany for $entityType.{$relationDefs->getName()}");
+
+        if ($schema->hasTable($tableName)) {
+            $this->log->debug('Schema\Builder: Table [' . $tableName . '] exists.');
+
+            $tables[$relationshipName] ??= $schema->getTable($tableName);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $table = $schema->createTable($tableName);
+
+        $idColumn = $this->columnPreparator->prepare(
+            AttributeDefs::fromRaw([
+                AttributeParam::DB_TYPE => Types::BIGINT,
+                'type' => Entity::ID,
+                AttributeParam::LEN => 20,
+                'autoincrement' => true,
+            ], self::ATTR_ID)
+        );
+
+        $this->addColumn($table, $idColumn);
+
+        if (!$relationDefs->hasMidKey() || !$relationDefs->getForeignMidKey()) {
+            $this->log->error('Schema\Builder: Relationship midKeys are empty.', [
+                'entityType' => $entityType,
+                'relationName' => $relationDefs->getName(),
+            ]);
+
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $midKeys = [
+            $relationDefs->getMidKey(),
+            $relationDefs->getForeignMidKey(),
+        ];
+
+        foreach ($midKeys as $midKey) {
+            $column = $this->columnPreparator->prepare(
+                AttributeDefs::fromRaw([
+                    'type' => Entity::FOREIGN_ID,
+                    AttributeParam::DB_TYPE => $this->idDbType,
+                    AttributeParam::LEN => $this->idLength,
+                ], $midKey)
+            );
+
+            $this->addColumn($table, $column);
+        }
+
+        /** @var array<string, array<string, mixed>> $additionalColumns */
+        $additionalColumns = $relationDefs->getParam(RelationParam::ADDITIONAL_COLUMNS) ?? [];
+
+        foreach ($additionalColumns as $fieldName => $fieldParams) {
+            if ($fieldParams['type'] === AttributeType::FOREIGN_ID) {
+                $fieldParams = array_merge([
+                    AttributeParam::DB_TYPE => $this->idDbType,
+                    AttributeParam::LEN => $this->idLength,
+                ], $fieldParams);
+            }
+
+            $column = $this->columnPreparator->prepare(AttributeDefs::fromRaw($fieldParams, $fieldName));
+
+            $this->addColumn($table, $column);
+        }
+
+        $deletedColumn = $this->columnPreparator->prepare(
+            AttributeDefs::fromRaw([
+                'type' => Entity::BOOL,
+                'default' => false,
+            ], self::ATTR_DELETED)
+        );
+
+        $this->addColumn($table, $deletedColumn);
+
+        $table->setPrimaryKey([self::ATTR_ID]);
+
+        $this->addIndexes($table, $relationDefs->getIndexList());
+
+        $tables[$relationshipName] = $table;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param IndexDefs[] $indexDefsList
+     * @throws SchemaException
+     */
+    private function addIndexes(Table $table, array $indexDefsList): void
+    {
+        foreach ($indexDefsList as $indexDefs) {
+            $columns = array_map(
+                fn($item) => Util::toUnderScore($item),
+                $indexDefs->getColumnList()
+            );
+
+            if ($indexDefs->isUnique()) {
+                $table->addUniqueIndex($columns, $indexDefs->getKey());
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $table->addIndex($columns, $indexDefs->getKey(), $indexDefs->getFlagList());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @todo Move to a class. Add unit test.
+     * @return array<string, mixed>
+     */
+    private static function convertColumn(Column $column): array
+    {
+        $result = [
+            'notnull' => $column->isNotNull(),
+        ];
+
+        if ($column->getLength() !== null) {
+            $result['length'] = $column->getLength();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getDefault() !== null) {
+            $result['default'] = $column->getDefault();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getAutoincrement() !== null) {
+            $result['autoincrement'] = $column->getAutoincrement();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getPrecision() !== null) {
+            $result['precision'] = $column->getPrecision();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getScale() !== null) {
+            $result['scale'] = $column->getScale();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getUnsigned() !== null) {
+            $result['unsigned'] = $column->getUnsigned();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getFixed() !== null) {
+            $result['fixed'] = $column->getFixed();
+        }
+
+        // Can't use customSchemaOptions as it causes unwanted ALTER TABLE.
+        $result['platformOptions'] = [];
+
+        if ($column->getCollation()) {
+            $result['platformOptions']['collation'] = $column->getCollation();
+        }
+
+        if ($column->getCharset()) {
+            $result['platformOptions']['charset'] = $column->getCharset();
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string[] $entityTypeList
+     * @param array<string, mixed> $ormMeta
+     * @param string[] $depList
+     * @return string[]
+     */
+    private function getDependentEntityTypeList(array $entityTypeList, array $ormMeta, array $depList = []): array
+    {
+        foreach ($entityTypeList as $entityType) {
+            if (in_array($entityType, $depList)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            $depList[] = $entityType;
+
+            $entityDefs = EntityDefs::fromRaw($ormMeta[$entityType] ?? [], $entityType);
+
+            foreach ($entityDefs->getRelationList() as $relationDefs) {
+                if (!$relationDefs->hasForeignEntityType()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $itemEntityType = $relationDefs->getForeignEntityType();
+
+                if (in_array($itemEntityType, $depList)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                $depList = $this->getDependentEntityTypeList([$itemEntityType], $ormMeta, $depList);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $depList;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Schema/Column.php

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema;
+
+/**
+ * A DB column parameters.
+ */
+class Column
+{
+    private bool $notNull = false;
+    private ?int $length = null;
+    private mixed $default = null;
+    private ?bool $autoincrement = null;
+    private ?int $precision = null;
+    private ?int $scale = null;
+    private ?bool $unsigned = null;
+    private ?bool $fixed = null;
+    private ?string $collation = null;
+    private ?string $charset = null;
+
+    private function __construct(
+        private string $name,
+        private string $type
+    ) {}
+
+    public static function create(string $name, string $type): self
+    {
+        return new self($name, $type);
+    }
+
+    public function getName(): string
+    {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function getType(): string
+    {
+        return $this->type;
+    }
+
+    public function isNotNull(): bool
+    {
+        return $this->notNull;
+    }
+
+    public function getLength(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->length;
+    }
+
+    public function getDefault(): mixed
+    {
+        return $this->default;
+    }
+
+    public function getAutoincrement(): ?bool
+    {
+        return $this->autoincrement;
+    }
+
+    public function getUnsigned(): ?bool
+    {
+        return $this->unsigned;
+    }
+
+    public function getPrecision(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->precision;
+    }
+
+    public function getScale(): ?int
+    {
+        return $this->scale;
+    }
+
+    public function getFixed(): ?bool
+    {
+        return $this->fixed;
+    }
+
+    public function getCollation(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->collation;
+    }
+
+    public function getCharset(): ?string
+    {
+        return $this->charset;
+    }
+
+    public function withNotNull(bool $notNull = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->notNull = $notNull;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withLength(?int $length): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->length = $length;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withDefault(mixed $default): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->default = $default;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withAutoincrement(?bool $autoincrement = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->autoincrement = $autoincrement;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Unsigned. Supported only by MySQL.
+     */
+    public function withUnsigned(?bool $unsigned = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->unsigned = $unsigned;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withPrecision(?int $precision): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->precision = $precision;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withScale(?int $scale): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->scale = $scale;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Fixed length. For string and binary types.
+     */
+    public function withFixed(?bool $fixed = true): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->fixed = $fixed;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withCollation(?string $collation): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->collation = $collation;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+
+    public function withCharset(?string $charset): self
+    {
+        $obj = clone $this;
+        $obj->charset = $charset;
+
+        return $obj;
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Schema/ColumnPreparator.php

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema;
+
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+
+interface ColumnPreparator
+{
+    public function prepare(AttributeDefs $defs): Column;
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Schema/ColumnPreparatorFactory.php

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema;
+
+use Espo\Core\Binding\BindingContainerBuilder;
+use Espo\Core\InjectableFactory;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Helper;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Metadata;
+use RuntimeException;
+
+class ColumnPreparatorFactory
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private Metadata $metadata,
+        private InjectableFactory $injectableFactory,
+        private Helper $helper
+    ) {}
+
+    public function create(string $platform): ColumnPreparator
+    {
+        /** @var ?class-string<ColumnPreparator> $className */
+        $className = $this->metadata
+            ->get(['app', 'databasePlatforms', $platform, 'columnPreparatorClassName']);
+
+        if (!$className) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("No Column-Preparator for {$platform}.");
+        }
+
+        $binding = BindingContainerBuilder::create()
+            ->bindInstance(Helper::class, $this->helper)
+            ->build();
+
+        return $this->injectableFactory->createWithBinding($className, $binding);
+    }
+}

application/Espo/Core/Utils/Database/Schema/ColumnPreparators/MysqlColumnPreparator.php

@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+<?php
+/************************************************************************
+ * This file is part of EspoCRM.
+ *
+ * EspoCRM – Open Source CRM application.
+ * Copyright (C) 2014-2026 EspoCRM, Inc.
+ * Website: https://www.espocrm.com
+ *
+ * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+ * GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+ * along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ *
+ * The interactive user interfaces in modified source and object code versions
+ * of this program must display Appropriate Legal Notices, as required under
+ * Section 5 of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3.
+ *
+ * In accordance with Section 7(b) of the GNU Affero General Public License version 3,
+ * these Appropriate Legal Notices must retain the display of the "EspoCRM" word.
+ ************************************************************************/
+
+namespace Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema\ColumnPreparators;
+
+use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Types;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Types\LongtextType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Dbal\Types\MediumtextType;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Helper;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema\Column;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Database\Schema\ColumnPreparator;
+use Espo\Core\Utils\Util;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\AttributeDefs;
+use Espo\ORM\Defs\Params\AttributeParam;
+use Espo\ORM\Entity;
+
+class MysqlColumnPreparator implements ColumnPreparator
+{
+    private const PARAM_DB_TYPE = AttributeParam::DB_TYPE;
+    private const PARAM_DEFAULT = AttributeParam::DEFAULT;
+    private const PARAM_NOT_NULL = AttributeParam::NOT_NULL;
+    private const PARAM_AUTOINCREMENT = 'autoincrement';
+    private const PARAM_PRECISION = 'precision';
+    private const PARAM_SCALE = 'scale';
+    private const PARAM_BINARY = 'binary';
+    private const string PARAM_STORE_ARRAY_VALUES = 'storeArrayValues';
+
+    public const TYPE_MYSQL = 'MySQL';
+    public const TYPE_MARIADB = 'MariaDB';
+
+    private const MB4_INDEX_LENGTH_LIMIT = 3072;
+    private const DEFAULT_INDEX_LIMIT = 1000;
+
+    /** @var string[] */
+    private array $mediumTextTypeList = [
+        Entity::TEXT,
+        Entity::JSON_OBJECT,
+        Entity::JSON_ARRAY,
+    ];
+
+    /** @var array<string, string> */
+    private array $columnTypeMap = [
+        Entity::BOOL => Types::BOOLEAN,
+        Entity::INT => Types::INTEGER,
+        Entity::VARCHAR => Types::STRING,
+    ];
+
+    private ?int $maxIndexLength = null;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        private Helper $helper
+    ) {}
+
+    public function prepare(AttributeDefs $defs): Column
+    {
+        $dbType = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_DB_TYPE);
+        $type = $defs->getType();
+        $length = $defs->getLength();
+        $default = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_DEFAULT);
+        $notNull = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_NOT_NULL);
+        $autoincrement = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_AUTOINCREMENT);
+        $precision = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_PRECISION);
+        $scale = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_SCALE);
+        $binary = $defs->getParam(self::PARAM_BINARY);
+
+        $columnType = $dbType ?? $type;
+
+        if (in_array($type, $this->mediumTextTypeList) && !$dbType) {
+            $columnType = MediumtextType::NAME;
+        }
+
+        $columnType = $this->columnTypeMap[$columnType] ?? $columnType;
+
+        $columnName = Util::toUnderScore($defs->getName());
+
+        $column = Column::create($columnName, strtolower($columnType));
+
+        if ($length !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withLength($length);
+        }
+
+        if ($default !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withDefault($default);
+        }
+
+        if ($notNull !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withNotNull($notNull);
+        }
+
+        if ($autoincrement !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withAutoincrement($autoincrement);
+        }
+
+        if ($precision !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withPrecision($precision);
+        }
+
+        if ($scale !== null) {
+            $column = $column->withScale($scale);
+        }
+
+        $mb3 = false;
+
+        switch ($type) {
+            case Entity::ID:
+            case Entity::FOREIGN_ID:
+            case Entity::FOREIGN_TYPE:
+                $mb3 = $this->getMaxIndexLength() < self::MB4_INDEX_LENGTH_LIMIT;
+
+                break;
+
+            case Entity::TEXT:
+                $column = $column->withDefault(null);
+
+                break;
+
+            case Entity::JSON_ARRAY:
+                $default = is_array($default) ? json_encode($default) : null;
+
+                if ($defs->getParam(self::PARAM_STORE_ARRAY_VALUES)) {
+                    $default = json_encode([]);
+                }
+
+                $column = $column->withDefault($default);
+
+                break;
+
+            case Entity::BOOL:
+                $default = intval($default ?? false);
+
+                $column = $column->withDefault($default);
+
+                break;
+        }
+
+        if ($type !== Entity::ID && $autoincrement) {
+            $column = $column
+                ->withNotNull()
+                ->withUnsigned();
+        }
+
+        if (
+            !in_array($columnType, [
+                Types::STRING,
+                Types::TEXT,
+                MediumtextType::NAME,
+                LongtextType::NAME,
+            ])
+        ) {
+            return $column;
+        }
+
+        $collation = $binary ?
+            'utf8mb4_bin' :
+            'utf8mb4_unicode_ci';
+
+        $charset = 'utf8mb4';
+
+        if ($mb3) {
+            $collation = $binary ?
+                'utf8mb3_bin' :
+                'utf8mb3_unicode_ci';
+
+            $charset = 'utf8mb3';
+        }
+
+        return $column
+            ->withCollation($collation)
+            ->withCharset($charset);
+    }
+
+    private function getMaxIndexLength(): int
+    {
+        if (!isset($this->maxIndexLength)) {
+            $this->maxIndexLength = $this->detectMaxIndexLength();
+        }
+
+        return $this->maxIndexLength;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get maximum index length.
+     */
+    private function detectMaxIndexLength(): int
+    {
+        $tableEngine = $this->getTableEngine();
+
+        if (!$tableEngine) {
+            return self::DEFAULT_INDEX_LIMIT;
+        }
+
+        return match ($tableEngine) {
+            'InnoDB' => 3072,
+            default => 1000,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a table or default engine.
+     */
+    private function getTableEngine(): ?string
+    {
+        $databaseType = $this->helper->getType();
+
+        if (!in_array($databaseType, [self::TYPE_MYSQL, self::TYPE_MARIADB])) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $query = "SHOW TABLE STATUS WHERE Engine = 'MyISAM'";
+
+        $vars = [];
+
+        $pdo = $this->helper->getPDO();
+
+        $sth = $pdo->prepare($query);
+        $sth->execute($vars);
+
+        $result = $sth->fetchColumn();
+
+        if (!empty($result)) {
+            return 'MyISAM';
+        }
+
+        return 'InnoDB';
+    }
+}