snapshot of https://github.com/golang-migrate/migrate.git (master, 2026-09-15; blobs > 131072B omitted)

database/pgx/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# pgx
+
+This package is for [pgx/v4](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/jackc/pgx/v4). A backend for the newer [pgx/v5](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/jackc/pgx/v5) is [also available](v5).
+
+`pgx://user:password@host:port/dbname?query`
+
+| URL Query  | WithInstance Config | Description |
+|------------|---------------------|-------------|
+| `x-migrations-table` | `MigrationsTable` | Name of the migrations table |
+| `x-migrations-table-quoted` | `MigrationsTableQuoted` | By default, migrate quotes the migration table for SQL injection safety reasons. This option disable quoting and naively checks that you have quoted the migration table name. e.g. `"my_schema"."schema_migrations"` |
+| `x-statement-timeout` | `StatementTimeout` | Abort any statement that takes more than the specified number of milliseconds |
+| `x-multi-statement` | `MultiStatementEnabled` | Enable multi-statement execution (default: false) |
+| `x-multi-statement-max-size` | `MultiStatementMaxSize` | Maximum size of single statement in bytes (default: 10MB) |
+| `x-lock-strategy` | `LockStrategy` | Strategy used for locking during migration (default: advisory) |
+| `x-lock-table` | `LockTable` | Name of the table which maintains the migration lock (default: schema_lock) |
+| `dbname` | `DatabaseName` | The name of the database to connect to |
+| `search_path` | | This variable specifies the order in which schemas are searched when an object is referenced by a simple name with no schema specified. |
+| `user` | | The user to sign in as |
+| `password` | | The user's password |
+| `host` | | The host to connect to. Values that start with / are for unix domain sockets. (default is localhost) |
+| `port` | | The port to bind to. (default is 5432) |
+| `fallback_application_name` | | An application_name to fall back to if one isn't provided. |
+| `connect_timeout` | | Maximum wait for connection, in seconds. Zero or not specified means wait indefinitely. |
+| `sslcert` | | Cert file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslkey` | | Key file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslrootcert` | | The location of the root certificate file. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslmode` | | Whether or not to use SSL (disable\|require\|verify-ca\|verify-full) |
+
+
+## Upgrading from v1
+
+1. Write down the current migration version from schema_migrations
+1. `DROP TABLE schema_migrations`
+2. Wrap your existing migrations in transactions ([BEGIN/COMMIT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/transaction-iso.html)) if you use multiple statements within one migration.
+3. Download and install the latest migrate version.
+4. Force the current migration version with `migrate force <current_version>`.
+
+## Multi-statement mode
+
+In PostgreSQL running multiple SQL statements in one `Exec` executes them inside a transaction. Sometimes this
+behavior is not desirable because some statements can be only run outside of transaction (e.g.
+`CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY`). If you want to use `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY` without activating multi-statement mode
+you have to put such statements in a separate migration files.

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1085649617_create_users_table.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS users;

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1085649617_create_users_table.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CREATE TABLE users (
+  user_id integer unique,
+  name    varchar(40),
+  email   varchar(40)
+);

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1185749658_add_city_to_users.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN IF EXISTS city;

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1185749658_add_city_to_users.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN city varchar(100);
+
+

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1285849751_add_index_on_user_emails.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS users_email_index;

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1285849751_add_index_on_user_emails.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+CREATE UNIQUE INDEX CONCURRENTLY users_email_index ON users (email);
+
+-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean sed interdum velit, tristique iaculis justo. Pellentesque ut porttitor dolor. Donec sit amet pharetra elit. Cras vel ligula ex. Phasellus posuere.

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1385949617_create_books_table.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS books;

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1385949617_create_books_table.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CREATE TABLE books (
+  user_id integer,
+  name    varchar(40),
+  author  varchar(40)
+);

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1485949617_create_movies_table.down.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+DROP TABLE IF EXISTS movies;

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1485949617_create_movies_table.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CREATE TABLE movies (
+  user_id   integer,
+  name      varchar(40),
+  director  varchar(40)
+);

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1585849751_just_a_comment.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean sed interdum velit, tristique iaculis justo. Pellentesque ut porttitor dolor. Donec sit amet pharetra elit. Cras vel ligula ex. Phasellus posuere.

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1685849751_another_comment.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean sed interdum velit, tristique iaculis justo. Pellentesque ut porttitor dolor. Donec sit amet pharetra elit. Cras vel ligula ex. Phasellus posuere.

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1785849751_another_comment.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean sed interdum velit, tristique iaculis justo. Pellentesque ut porttitor dolor. Donec sit amet pharetra elit. Cras vel ligula ex. Phasellus posuere.

database/pgx/examples/migrations/1885849751_another_comment.up.sql

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+-- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean sed interdum velit, tristique iaculis justo. Pellentesque ut porttitor dolor. Donec sit amet pharetra elit. Cras vel ligula ex. Phasellus posuere.

database/pgx/pgx.go

@@ -0,0 +1,617 @@
+//go:build go1.9
+
+package pgx
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	nurl "net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/multistmt"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgconn"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgerrcode"
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v4/stdlib"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+const (
+	LockStrategyAdvisory = "advisory"
+	LockStrategyTable    = "table"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	db := Postgres{}
+	database.Register("pgx", &db)
+	database.Register("pgx4", &db)
+}
+
+var (
+	multiStmtDelimiter = []byte(";")
+
+	DefaultMigrationsTable       = "schema_migrations"
+	DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize = 10 * 1 << 20 // 10 MB
+	DefaultLockTable             = "schema_lock"
+	DefaultLockStrategy          = LockStrategyAdvisory
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNilConfig      = fmt.Errorf("no config")
+	ErrNoDatabaseName = fmt.Errorf("no database name")
+	ErrNoSchema       = fmt.Errorf("no schema")
+	ErrDatabaseDirty  = fmt.Errorf("database is dirty")
+)
+
+type Config struct {
+	MigrationsTable       string
+	DatabaseName          string
+	SchemaName            string
+	LockTable             string
+	LockStrategy          string
+	migrationsSchemaName  string
+	migrationsTableName   string
+	StatementTimeout      time.Duration
+	MigrationsTableQuoted bool
+	MultiStatementEnabled bool
+	MultiStatementMaxSize int
+}
+
+type Postgres struct {
+	// Locking and unlocking need to use the same connection
+	conn     *sql.Conn
+	db       *sql.DB
+	isLocked atomic.Bool
+
+	// Open and WithInstance need to guarantee that config is never nil
+	config *Config
+}
+
+func WithInstance(instance *sql.DB, config *Config) (database.Driver, error) {
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil, ErrNilConfig
+	}
+
+	if err := instance.Ping(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if config.DatabaseName == "" {
+		query := `SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE()`
+		var databaseName string
+		if err := instance.QueryRow(query).Scan(&databaseName); err != nil {
+			return nil, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+
+		if len(databaseName) == 0 {
+			return nil, ErrNoDatabaseName
+		}
+
+		config.DatabaseName = databaseName
+	}
+
+	if config.SchemaName == "" {
+		query := `SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA()`
+		var schemaName string
+		if err := instance.QueryRow(query).Scan(&schemaName); err != nil {
+			return nil, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+
+		if len(schemaName) == 0 {
+			return nil, ErrNoSchema
+		}
+
+		config.SchemaName = schemaName
+	}
+
+	if len(config.MigrationsTable) == 0 {
+		config.MigrationsTable = DefaultMigrationsTable
+	}
+
+	if len(config.LockTable) == 0 {
+		config.LockTable = DefaultLockTable
+	}
+
+	if len(config.LockStrategy) == 0 {
+		config.LockStrategy = DefaultLockStrategy
+	}
+
+	config.migrationsSchemaName = config.SchemaName
+	config.migrationsTableName = config.MigrationsTable
+	if config.MigrationsTableQuoted {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(`"(.*?)"`)
+		result := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(config.MigrationsTable, -1)
+		config.migrationsTableName = result[len(result)-1][1]
+		if len(result) == 2 {
+			config.migrationsSchemaName = result[0][1]
+		} else if len(result) > 2 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("\"%s\" MigrationsTable contains too many dot characters", config.MigrationsTable)
+		}
+	}
+
+	conn, err := instance.Conn(context.Background())
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	px := &Postgres{
+		conn:   conn,
+		db:     instance,
+		config: config,
+	}
+
+	if err := px.ensureLockTable(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err := px.ensureVersionTable(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return px, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Open(url string) (database.Driver, error) {
+	purl, err := nurl.Parse(url)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Driver is registered as pgx, but connection string must use postgres schema
+	// when making actual connection
+	// i.e. pgx://user:password@host:port/db => postgres://user:password@host:port/db
+	purl.Scheme = "postgres"
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx/v4", migrate.FilterCustomQuery(purl).String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	migrationsTable := purl.Query().Get("x-migrations-table")
+	migrationsTableQuoted := false
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-migrations-table-quoted"); len(s) > 0 {
+		migrationsTableQuoted, err = strconv.ParseBool(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse option x-migrations-table-quoted: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if (len(migrationsTable) > 0) && (migrationsTableQuoted) && ((migrationsTable[0] != '"') || (migrationsTable[len(migrationsTable)-1] != '"')) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("x-migrations-table must be quoted (for instance '\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"') when x-migrations-table-quoted is enabled, current value is: %s", migrationsTable)
+	}
+
+	statementTimeoutString := purl.Query().Get("x-statement-timeout")
+	statementTimeout := 0
+	if statementTimeoutString != "" {
+		statementTimeout, err = strconv.Atoi(statementTimeoutString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	multiStatementMaxSize := DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-multi-statement-max-size"); len(s) > 0 {
+		multiStatementMaxSize, err = strconv.Atoi(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if multiStatementMaxSize <= 0 {
+			multiStatementMaxSize = DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize
+		}
+	}
+
+	multiStatementEnabled := false
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-multi-statement"); len(s) > 0 {
+		multiStatementEnabled, err = strconv.ParseBool(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse option x-multi-statement: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	lockStrategy := purl.Query().Get("x-lock-strategy")
+	lockTable := purl.Query().Get("x-lock-table")
+
+	px, err := WithInstance(db, &Config{
+		DatabaseName:          purl.Path,
+		MigrationsTable:       migrationsTable,
+		MigrationsTableQuoted: migrationsTableQuoted,
+		StatementTimeout:      time.Duration(statementTimeout) * time.Millisecond,
+		MultiStatementEnabled: multiStatementEnabled,
+		MultiStatementMaxSize: multiStatementMaxSize,
+		LockStrategy:          lockStrategy,
+		LockTable:             lockTable,
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return px, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Close() error {
+	connErr := p.conn.Close()
+	dbErr := p.db.Close()
+	if connErr != nil || dbErr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("conn: %v, db: %v", connErr, dbErr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Lock() error {
+	return database.CasRestoreOnErr(&p.isLocked, false, true, database.ErrLocked, func() error {
+		switch p.config.LockStrategy {
+		case LockStrategyAdvisory:
+			return p.applyAdvisoryLock()
+		case LockStrategyTable:
+			return p.applyTableLock()
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown lock strategy \"%s\"", p.config.LockStrategy)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Unlock() error {
+	return database.CasRestoreOnErr(&p.isLocked, true, false, database.ErrNotLocked, func() error {
+		switch p.config.LockStrategy {
+		case LockStrategyAdvisory:
+			return p.releaseAdvisoryLock()
+		case LockStrategyTable:
+			return p.releaseTableLock()
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown lock strategy \"%s\"", p.config.LockStrategy)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/explicit-locking.html#ADVISORY-LOCKS
+func (p *Postgres) applyAdvisoryLock() error {
+	aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// This will wait indefinitely until the lock can be acquired.
+	query := `SELECT pg_advisory_lock($1)`
+	if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query, aid); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "try lock failed", Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) applyTableLock() error {
+	tx, err := p.conn.BeginTx(context.Background(), &sql.TxOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "transaction start failed"}
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		errRollback := tx.Rollback()
+		if errRollback != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errRollback)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	query := "SELECT * FROM " + pq.QuoteIdentifier(p.config.LockTable) + " WHERE lock_id = $1"
+	rows, err := tx.Query(query, aid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "failed to fetch migration lock", Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := rows.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// If row exists at all, lock is present
+	locked := rows.Next()
+	if locked {
+		return database.ErrLocked
+	}
+
+	query = "INSERT INTO " + pq.QuoteIdentifier(p.config.LockTable) + " (lock_id) VALUES ($1)"
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(query, aid); err != nil {
+		return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "failed to set migration lock", Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) releaseAdvisoryLock() error {
+	aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	query := `SELECT pg_advisory_unlock($1)`
+	if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query, aid); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) releaseTableLock() error {
+	aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	query := "DELETE FROM " + pq.QuoteIdentifier(p.config.LockTable) + " WHERE lock_id = $1"
+	if _, err := p.db.Exec(query, aid); err != nil {
+		return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "failed to release migration lock", Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Run(migration io.Reader) error {
+	if p.config.MultiStatementEnabled {
+		var err error
+		if e := multistmt.Parse(migration, multiStmtDelimiter, p.config.MultiStatementMaxSize, func(m []byte) bool {
+			if err = p.runStatement(m); err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return true
+		}); e != nil {
+			return e
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	migr, err := io.ReadAll(migration)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return p.runStatement(migr)
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) runStatement(statement []byte) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if p.config.StatementTimeout != 0 {
+		var cancel context.CancelFunc
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, p.config.StatementTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+	}
+	query := string(statement)
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(ctx, query); err != nil {
+
+		if pgErr, ok := err.(*pgconn.PgError); ok {
+			var line uint
+			var col uint
+			var lineColOK bool
+			line, col, lineColOK = computeLineFromPos(query, int(pgErr.Position))
+			message := fmt.Sprintf("migration failed: %s", pgErr.Message)
+			if lineColOK {
+				message = fmt.Sprintf("%s (column %d)", message, col)
+			}
+			if pgErr.Detail != "" {
+				message = fmt.Sprintf("%s, %s", message, pgErr.Detail)
+			}
+			return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: message, Query: statement, Line: line}
+		}
+		return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "migration failed", Query: statement}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func computeLineFromPos(s string, pos int) (line uint, col uint, ok bool) {
+	// replace crlf with lf
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\r\n", "\n")
+	// pg docs: pos uses index 1 for the first character, and positions are measured in characters not bytes
+	runes := []rune(s)
+	if pos > len(runes) {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	sel := runes[:pos]
+	line = uint(runesCount(sel, newLine) + 1)
+	col = uint(pos - 1 - runesLastIndex(sel, newLine))
+	return line, col, true
+}
+
+const newLine = '\n'
+
+func runesCount(input []rune, target rune) int {
+	var count int
+	for _, r := range input {
+		if r == target {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+func runesLastIndex(input []rune, target rune) int {
+	for i := len(input) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if input[i] == target {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) SetVersion(version int, dirty bool) error {
+	tx, err := p.conn.BeginTx(context.Background(), &sql.TxOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "transaction start failed"}
+	}
+
+	query := `TRUNCATE ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName)
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(query); err != nil {
+		if errRollback := tx.Rollback(); errRollback != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errRollback)
+		}
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	// Also re-write the schema version for nil dirty versions to prevent
+	// empty schema version for failed down migration on the first migration
+	// See: https://github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/issues/330
+	if version >= 0 || (version == database.NilVersion && dirty) {
+		query = `INSERT INTO ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` (version, dirty) VALUES ($1, $2)`
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(query, version, dirty); err != nil {
+			if errRollback := tx.Rollback(); errRollback != nil {
+				err = errors.Join(err, errRollback)
+			}
+			return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "transaction commit failed"}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Version() (version int, dirty bool, err error) {
+	query := `SELECT version, dirty FROM ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` LIMIT 1`
+	err = p.conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), query).Scan(&version, &dirty)
+	switch {
+	case err == sql.ErrNoRows:
+		return database.NilVersion, false, nil
+
+	case err != nil:
+		if e, ok := err.(*pgconn.PgError); ok {
+			if e.SQLState() == pgerrcode.UndefinedTable {
+				return database.NilVersion, false, nil
+			}
+		}
+		return 0, false, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+
+	default:
+		return version, dirty, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Drop() (err error) {
+	// select all tables in current schema
+	query := `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema=(SELECT current_schema()) AND table_type='BASE TABLE'`
+	tables, err := p.conn.QueryContext(context.Background(), query)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := tables.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// delete one table after another
+	tableNames := make([]string, 0)
+	for tables.Next() {
+		var tableName string
+		if err := tables.Scan(&tableName); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// do not drop lock table
+		if tableName == p.config.LockTable && p.config.LockStrategy == LockStrategyTable {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if len(tableName) > 0 {
+			tableNames = append(tableNames, tableName)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := tables.Err(); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	if len(tableNames) > 0 {
+		// delete one by one ...
+		for _, t := range tableNames {
+			query = `DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ` + quoteIdentifier(t) + ` CASCADE`
+			if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query); err != nil {
+				return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureVersionTable checks if versions table exists and, if not, creates it.
+// Note that this function locks the database, which deviates from the usual
+// convention of "caller locks" in the Postgres type.
+func (p *Postgres) ensureVersionTable() (err error) {
+	if err = p.Lock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if e := p.Unlock(); e != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, e)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// This block checks whether the `MigrationsTable` already exists. This is useful because it allows read only postgres
+	// users to also check the current version of the schema. Previously, even if `MigrationsTable` existed, the
+	// `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS...` query would fail because the user does not have the CREATE permission.
+	// Taken from https://github.com/mattes/migrate/blob/master/database/postgres/postgres.go#L258
+	query := `SELECT COUNT(1) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = $1 AND table_name = $2 LIMIT 1`
+	row := p.conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), query, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+
+	var count int
+	err = row.Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	if count == 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	query = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` (version bigint not null primary key, dirty boolean not null)`
+	if _, err = p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) ensureLockTable() error {
+	if p.config.LockStrategy != LockStrategyTable {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var count int
+	query := `SELECT COUNT(1) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = $1 AND table_schema = (SELECT current_schema()) LIMIT 1`
+	if err := p.db.QueryRow(query, p.config.LockTable).Scan(&count); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+	if count == 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	query = `CREATE TABLE ` + pq.QuoteIdentifier(p.config.LockTable) + ` (lock_id BIGINT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY)`
+	if _, err := p.db.Exec(query); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Copied from lib/pq implementation: https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/v1.9.0/conn.go#L1611
+func quoteIdentifier(name string) string {
+	end := strings.IndexRune(name, 0)
+	if end > -1 {
+		name = name[:end]
+	}
+	return `"` + strings.ReplaceAll(name, `"`, `""`) + `"`
+}

database/pgx/pgx_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,786 @@
+package pgx
+
+// error codes https://github.com/jackc/pgerrcode/blob/master/errcode.go
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	sqldriver "database/sql/driver"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/dhui/dktest"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
+
+	dt "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/testing"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/dktesting"
+	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/file"
+)
+
+const (
+	pgPassword = "postgres"
+)
+
+var (
+	opts = dktest.Options{
+		Env:          map[string]string{"POSTGRES_PASSWORD": pgPassword},
+		PortRequired: true, ReadyFunc: isReady}
+	// Supported versions: https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/
+	specs = []dktesting.ContainerSpec{
+		{ImageName: "postgres:14", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:15", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:16", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:17", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:18", Options: opts},
+	}
+)
+
+func pgConnectionString(host, port string, options ...string) string {
+	options = append(options, "sslmode=disable")
+	return fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%s:%s/postgres?%s", pgPassword, host, port, strings.Join(options, "&"))
+}
+
+func isReady(ctx context.Context, c dktest.ContainerInfo) bool {
+	ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx", pgConnectionString(ip, port))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Println("close error:", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	if err = db.PingContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		switch err {
+		case sqldriver.ErrBadConn, io.EOF:
+			return false
+		default:
+			log.Println(err)
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func mustRun(t *testing.T, d database.Driver, statements []string) {
+	for _, statement := range statements {
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader(statement)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func Test(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		dt.Test(t, d, []byte("SELECT 1"))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMigrate(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		m, err := migrate.NewWithDatabaseInstance("file://./examples/migrations", "pgx", d)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		dt.TestMigrate(t, m)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMigrateLockTable(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port, "x-lock-strategy=table", "x-lock-table=lock_table")
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		m, err := migrate.NewWithDatabaseInstance("file://./examples/migrations", "pgx", d)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		dt.TestMigrate(t, m)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMultipleStatements(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE TABLE bar (bar text);")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected err to be nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure second table exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'bar' AND table_schema = (SELECT current_schema()))").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table bar to exist")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMultipleStatementsInMultiStatementMode(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port, "x-multi-statement=true")
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_foo ON foo (foo);")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected err to be nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure created index exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_indexes WHERE schemaname = (SELECT current_schema()) AND indexname = 'idx_foo')").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table bar to exist")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestErrorParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		wantErr := `migration failed: syntax error at or near "TABLEE" (column 37) in line 1: CREATE TABLE foo ` +
+			`(foo text); CREATE TABLEE bar (bar text); (details: ERROR: syntax error at or near "TABLEE" (SQLSTATE 42601))`
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE TABLEE bar (bar text);")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected err but got nil")
+		} else if err.Error() != wantErr {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFilterCustomQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port, "x-custom=foobar")
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	})
+}
+
+func TestWithSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create foobar schema
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA foobar AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.SetVersion(1, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=foobar"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		version, _, err := d2.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != database.NilVersion {
+			t.Fatal("expected NilVersion")
+		}
+
+		// now update version and compare
+		if err := d2.SetVersion(2, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		version, _, err = d2.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != 2 {
+			t.Fatal("expected version 2")
+		}
+
+		// meanwhile, the public schema still has the other version
+		version, _, err = d.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != 1 {
+			t.Fatal("expected version 2")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMigrationTableOption(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, _ := p.Open(addr)
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create migrate schema
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA migrate AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// bad unquoted x-migrations-table parameter
+		wantErr := "x-migrations-table must be quoted (for instance '\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"') when x-migrations-table-quoted is enabled, current value is: migrate.schema_migrations"
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=migrate.schema_migrations&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if (err != nil) && (err.Error() != wantErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+
+		// too many quoted x-migrations-table parameters
+		wantErr = "\"\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\".\"toomany\"\" MigrationsTable contains too many dot characters"
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\".\"toomany\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if (err != nil) && (err.Error() != wantErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+
+		// good quoted x-migrations-table parameter
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure migrate.schema_migrations table exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'schema_migrations' AND table_schema = 'migrate')").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table migrate.schema_migrations to exist")
+		}
+
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=migrate.schema_migrations",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'migrate.schema_migrations' AND table_schema = (SELECT current_schema()))").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table 'migrate.schema_migrations' to exist")
+		}
+
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFailToCreateTableWithoutPermissions(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+
+		// Check that opening the postgres connection returns NilVersion
+		p := &Postgres{}
+
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create user who is not the owner. Although we're concatenating strings in an sql statement it should be fine
+		// since this is a test environment and we're not expecting to the pgPassword to be malicious
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"CREATE USER not_owner WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '" + pgPassword + "'",
+			"CREATE SCHEMA barfoo AUTHORIZATION postgres",
+			"GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM PUBLIC",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		defer func() {
+			if d2 == nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		var e *database.Error
+		if !errors.As(err, &e) || err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected error, want permission denied error. Got: ", err)
+		}
+
+		if !strings.Contains(e.OrigErr.Error(), "permission denied for schema barfoo") {
+			t.Fatal(e)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that x-migrations-table and x-migrations-table-quoted
+		d2, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"barfoo\".\"schema_migrations\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if !errors.As(err, &e) || err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected error, want permission denied error. Got: ", err)
+		}
+
+		if !strings.Contains(e.OrigErr.Error(), "permission denied for schema barfoo") {
+			t.Fatal(e)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCheckBeforeCreateTable(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+
+		// Check that opening the postgres connection returns NilVersion
+		p := &Postgres{}
+
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create user who is not the owner. Although we're concatenating strings in an sql statement it should be fine
+		// since this is a test environment and we're not expecting to the pgPassword to be malicious
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"CREATE USER not_owner WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '" + pgPassword + "'",
+			"CREATE SCHEMA barfoo AUTHORIZATION postgres",
+			"GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+			"GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// revoke privileges
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM PUBLIC",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d3, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		version, _, err := d3.Version()
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if version != database.NilVersion {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected version, want database.NilVersion. Got: ", version)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d3.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	})
+}
+
+func TestParallelSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create foo and bar schemas
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA foo AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA bar AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that schemas
+		dfoo, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=foo"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := dfoo.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		dbar, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=bar"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := dbar.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if err := dfoo.Lock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dbar.Lock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dbar.Unlock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dfoo.Unlock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestPostgres_Lock(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		dt.Test(t, d, []byte("SELECT 1"))
+
+		ps := d.(*Postgres)
+
+		err = ps.Lock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Lock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestWithInstance_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// The number of concurrent processes running WithInstance
+		const concurrency = 30
+
+		// We can instantiate a single database handle because it is
+		// actually a connection pool, and so, each of the below go
+		// routines will have a high probability of using a separate
+		// connection, which is something we want to exercise.
+		db, err := sql.Open("pgx", pgConnectionString(ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		db.SetMaxIdleConns(concurrency)
+		db.SetMaxOpenConns(concurrency)
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		defer wg.Wait()
+
+		wg.Add(concurrency)
+		for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
+			go func(i int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				_, err := WithInstance(db, &Config{})
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("process %d error: %s", i, err)
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+	})
+}
+func Test_computeLineFromPos(t *testing.T) {
+	testcases := []struct {
+		pos      int
+		wantLine uint
+		wantCol  uint
+		input    string
+		wantOk   bool
+	}{
+		{
+			15, 2, 6, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", true, // foo table does not exists
+		},
+		{
+			16, 3, 6, "SELECT *\n\nFROM foo", true, // foo table does not exists, empty line
+		},
+		{
+			25, 3, 7, "SELECT *\nFROM foo\nWHERE x", true, // x column error
+		},
+		{
+			27, 5, 7, "SELECT *\n\nFROM foo\n\nWHERE x", true, // x column error, empty lines
+		},
+		{
+			10, 2, 1, "SELECT *\nFROMM foo", true, // FROMM typo
+		},
+		{
+			11, 3, 1, "SELECT *\n\nFROMM foo", true, // FROMM typo, empty line
+		},
+		{
+			17, 2, 8, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", true, // last character
+		},
+		{
+			18, 0, 0, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", false, // invalid position
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tc := range testcases {
+		t.Run("tc"+strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			run := func(crlf bool, nonASCII bool) {
+				var name string
+				if crlf {
+					name = "crlf"
+				} else {
+					name = "lf"
+				}
+				if nonASCII {
+					name += "-nonascii"
+				} else {
+					name += "-ascii"
+				}
+				t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+					input := tc.input
+					if crlf {
+						input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, "\n", "\r\n")
+					}
+					if nonASCII {
+						input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, "FROM", "FRÖM")
+					}
+					gotLine, gotCol, gotOK := computeLineFromPos(input, tc.pos)
+
+					if tc.wantOk {
+						t.Logf("pos %d, want %d:%d, %#v", tc.pos, tc.wantLine, tc.wantCol, input)
+					}
+
+					if gotOK != tc.wantOk {
+						t.Fatalf("expected ok %v but got %v", tc.wantOk, gotOK)
+					}
+					if gotLine != tc.wantLine {
+						t.Fatalf("expected line %d but got %d", tc.wantLine, gotLine)
+					}
+					if gotCol != tc.wantCol {
+						t.Fatalf("expected col %d but got %d", tc.wantCol, gotCol)
+					}
+				})
+			}
+			run(false, false)
+			run(true, false)
+			run(false, true)
+			run(true, true)
+		})
+	}
+}

database/pgx/v5/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# pgx
+
+This package is for [pgx/v5](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/jackc/pgx/v5). A backend for the older [pgx/v4](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/jackc/pgx/v4). is [also available](..).
+
+`pgx5://user:password@host:port/dbname?query`
+
+| URL Query  | WithInstance Config | Description |
+|------------|---------------------|-------------|
+| `x-migrations-table` | `MigrationsTable` | Name of the migrations table |
+| `x-migrations-table-quoted` | `MigrationsTableQuoted` | By default, migrate quotes the migration table for SQL injection safety reasons. This option disable quoting and naively checks that you have quoted the migration table name. e.g. `"my_schema"."schema_migrations"` |
+| `x-statement-timeout` | `StatementTimeout` | Abort any statement that takes more than the specified number of milliseconds |
+| `x-multi-statement` | `MultiStatementEnabled` | Enable multi-statement execution (default: false) |
+| `x-multi-statement-max-size` | `MultiStatementMaxSize` | Maximum size of single statement in bytes (default: 10MB) |
+| `dbname` | `DatabaseName` | The name of the database to connect to |
+| `search_path` | | This variable specifies the order in which schemas are searched when an object is referenced by a simple name with no schema specified. |
+| `user` | | The user to sign in as |
+| `password` | | The user's password |
+| `host` | | The host to connect to. Values that start with / are for unix domain sockets. (default is localhost) |
+| `port` | | The port to bind to. (default is 5432) |
+| `fallback_application_name` | | An application_name to fall back to if one isn't provided. |
+| `connect_timeout` | | Maximum wait for connection, in seconds. Zero or not specified means wait indefinitely. |
+| `sslcert` | | Cert file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslkey` | | Key file location. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslrootcert` | | The location of the root certificate file. The file must contain PEM encoded data. |
+| `sslmode` | | Whether or not to use SSL (disable\|require\|verify-ca\|verify-full) |
+
+
+## Upgrading from v1
+
+1. Write down the current migration version from schema_migrations
+1. `DROP TABLE schema_migrations`
+2. Wrap your existing migrations in transactions ([BEGIN/COMMIT](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/transaction-iso.html)) if you use multiple statements within one migration.
+3. Download and install the latest migrate version.
+4. Force the current migration version with `migrate force <current_version>`.
+
+## Multi-statement mode
+
+In PostgreSQL running multiple SQL statements in one `Exec` executes them inside a transaction. Sometimes this
+behavior is not desirable because some statements can be only run outside of transaction (e.g.
+`CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY`). If you want to use `CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY` without activating multi-statement mode
+you have to put such statements in a separate migration files.

database/pgx/v5/pgx.go

@@ -0,0 +1,480 @@
+//go:build go1.9
+
+package pgx
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	nurl "net/url"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/multistmt"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgerrcode"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn"
+	_ "github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	db := Postgres{}
+	database.Register("pgx5", &db)
+}
+
+var (
+	multiStmtDelimiter = []byte(";")
+
+	DefaultMigrationsTable       = "schema_migrations"
+	DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize = 10 * 1 << 20 // 10 MB
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNilConfig      = fmt.Errorf("no config")
+	ErrNoDatabaseName = fmt.Errorf("no database name")
+	ErrNoSchema       = fmt.Errorf("no schema")
+)
+
+type Config struct {
+	MigrationsTable       string
+	DatabaseName          string
+	SchemaName            string
+	migrationsSchemaName  string
+	migrationsTableName   string
+	StatementTimeout      time.Duration
+	MigrationsTableQuoted bool
+	MultiStatementEnabled bool
+	MultiStatementMaxSize int
+}
+
+type Postgres struct {
+	// Locking and unlocking need to use the same connection
+	conn     *sql.Conn
+	db       *sql.DB
+	isLocked atomic.Bool
+
+	// Open and WithInstance need to guarantee that config is never nil
+	config *Config
+}
+
+func WithInstance(instance *sql.DB, config *Config) (database.Driver, error) {
+	if config == nil {
+		return nil, ErrNilConfig
+	}
+
+	if err := instance.Ping(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if config.DatabaseName == "" {
+		query := `SELECT CURRENT_DATABASE()`
+		var databaseName string
+		if err := instance.QueryRow(query).Scan(&databaseName); err != nil {
+			return nil, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+
+		if len(databaseName) == 0 {
+			return nil, ErrNoDatabaseName
+		}
+
+		config.DatabaseName = databaseName
+	}
+
+	if config.SchemaName == "" {
+		query := `SELECT CURRENT_SCHEMA()`
+		var schemaName string
+		if err := instance.QueryRow(query).Scan(&schemaName); err != nil {
+			return nil, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+
+		if len(schemaName) == 0 {
+			return nil, ErrNoSchema
+		}
+
+		config.SchemaName = schemaName
+	}
+
+	if len(config.MigrationsTable) == 0 {
+		config.MigrationsTable = DefaultMigrationsTable
+	}
+
+	config.migrationsSchemaName = config.SchemaName
+	config.migrationsTableName = config.MigrationsTable
+	if config.MigrationsTableQuoted {
+		re := regexp.MustCompile(`"(.*?)"`)
+		result := re.FindAllStringSubmatch(config.MigrationsTable, -1)
+		config.migrationsTableName = result[len(result)-1][1]
+		if len(result) == 2 {
+			config.migrationsSchemaName = result[0][1]
+		} else if len(result) > 2 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("\"%s\" MigrationsTable contains too many dot characters", config.MigrationsTable)
+		}
+	}
+
+	conn, err := instance.Conn(context.Background())
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	px := &Postgres{
+		conn:   conn,
+		db:     instance,
+		config: config,
+	}
+
+	if err := px.ensureVersionTable(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return px, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Open(url string) (database.Driver, error) {
+	purl, err := nurl.Parse(url)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Driver is registered as pgx, but connection string must use postgres schema
+	// when making actual connection
+	// i.e. pgx://user:password@host:port/db => postgres://user:password@host:port/db
+	purl.Scheme = "postgres"
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx/v5", migrate.FilterCustomQuery(purl).String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	migrationsTable := purl.Query().Get("x-migrations-table")
+	migrationsTableQuoted := false
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-migrations-table-quoted"); len(s) > 0 {
+		migrationsTableQuoted, err = strconv.ParseBool(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse option x-migrations-table-quoted: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if (len(migrationsTable) > 0) && (migrationsTableQuoted) && ((migrationsTable[0] != '"') || (migrationsTable[len(migrationsTable)-1] != '"')) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("x-migrations-table must be quoted (for instance '\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"') when x-migrations-table-quoted is enabled, current value is: %s", migrationsTable)
+	}
+
+	statementTimeoutString := purl.Query().Get("x-statement-timeout")
+	statementTimeout := 0
+	if statementTimeoutString != "" {
+		statementTimeout, err = strconv.Atoi(statementTimeoutString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	multiStatementMaxSize := DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-multi-statement-max-size"); len(s) > 0 {
+		multiStatementMaxSize, err = strconv.Atoi(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if multiStatementMaxSize <= 0 {
+			multiStatementMaxSize = DefaultMultiStatementMaxSize
+		}
+	}
+
+	multiStatementEnabled := false
+	if s := purl.Query().Get("x-multi-statement"); len(s) > 0 {
+		multiStatementEnabled, err = strconv.ParseBool(s)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to parse option x-multi-statement: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	px, err := WithInstance(db, &Config{
+		DatabaseName:          purl.Path,
+		MigrationsTable:       migrationsTable,
+		MigrationsTableQuoted: migrationsTableQuoted,
+		StatementTimeout:      time.Duration(statementTimeout) * time.Millisecond,
+		MultiStatementEnabled: multiStatementEnabled,
+		MultiStatementMaxSize: multiStatementMaxSize,
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return px, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Close() error {
+	connErr := p.conn.Close()
+	dbErr := p.db.Close()
+	if connErr != nil || dbErr != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("conn: %v, db: %v", connErr, dbErr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/explicit-locking.html#ADVISORY-LOCKS
+func (p *Postgres) Lock() error {
+	return database.CasRestoreOnErr(&p.isLocked, false, true, database.ErrLocked, func() error {
+		aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		// This will wait indefinitely until the lock can be acquired.
+		query := `SELECT pg_advisory_lock($1)`
+		if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query, aid); err != nil {
+			return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "try lock failed", Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Unlock() error {
+	return database.CasRestoreOnErr(&p.isLocked, true, false, database.ErrNotLocked, func() error {
+		aid, err := database.GenerateAdvisoryLockId(p.config.DatabaseName, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		query := `SELECT pg_advisory_unlock($1)`
+		if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query, aid); err != nil {
+			return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Run(migration io.Reader) error {
+	if p.config.MultiStatementEnabled {
+		var err error
+		if e := multistmt.Parse(migration, multiStmtDelimiter, p.config.MultiStatementMaxSize, func(m []byte) bool {
+			if err = p.runStatement(m); err != nil {
+				return false
+			}
+			return true
+		}); e != nil {
+			return e
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+	migr, err := io.ReadAll(migration)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return p.runStatement(migr)
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) runStatement(statement []byte) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if p.config.StatementTimeout != 0 {
+		var cancel context.CancelFunc
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, p.config.StatementTimeout)
+		defer cancel()
+	}
+	query := string(statement)
+	if strings.TrimSpace(query) == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(ctx, query); err != nil {
+
+		if pgErr, ok := err.(*pgconn.PgError); ok {
+			var line uint
+			var col uint
+			var lineColOK bool
+			line, col, lineColOK = computeLineFromPos(query, int(pgErr.Position))
+			message := fmt.Sprintf("migration failed: %s", pgErr.Message)
+			if lineColOK {
+				message = fmt.Sprintf("%s (column %d)", message, col)
+			}
+			if pgErr.Detail != "" {
+				message = fmt.Sprintf("%s, %s", message, pgErr.Detail)
+			}
+			return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: message, Query: statement, Line: line}
+		}
+		return database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "migration failed", Query: statement}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func computeLineFromPos(s string, pos int) (line uint, col uint, ok bool) {
+	// replace crlf with lf
+	s = strings.ReplaceAll(s, "\r\n", "\n")
+	// pg docs: pos uses index 1 for the first character, and positions are measured in characters not bytes
+	runes := []rune(s)
+	if pos > len(runes) {
+		return 0, 0, false
+	}
+	sel := runes[:pos]
+	line = uint(runesCount(sel, newLine) + 1)
+	col = uint(pos - 1 - runesLastIndex(sel, newLine))
+	return line, col, true
+}
+
+const newLine = '\n'
+
+func runesCount(input []rune, target rune) int {
+	var count int
+	for _, r := range input {
+		if r == target {
+			count++
+		}
+	}
+	return count
+}
+
+func runesLastIndex(input []rune, target rune) int {
+	for i := len(input) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		if input[i] == target {
+			return i
+		}
+	}
+	return -1
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) SetVersion(version int, dirty bool) error {
+	tx, err := p.conn.BeginTx(context.Background(), &sql.TxOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "transaction start failed"}
+	}
+
+	query := `TRUNCATE ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName)
+	if _, err := tx.Exec(query); err != nil {
+		if errRollback := tx.Rollback(); errRollback != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errRollback)
+		}
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	// Also re-write the schema version for nil dirty versions to prevent
+	// empty schema version for failed down migration on the first migration
+	// See: https://github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/issues/330
+	if version >= 0 || (version == database.NilVersion && dirty) {
+		query = `INSERT INTO ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` (version, dirty) VALUES ($1, $2)`
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(query, version, dirty); err != nil {
+			if errRollback := tx.Rollback(); errRollback != nil {
+				err = errors.Join(err, errRollback)
+			}
+			return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Err: "transaction commit failed"}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Version() (version int, dirty bool, err error) {
+	query := `SELECT version, dirty FROM ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` LIMIT 1`
+	err = p.conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), query).Scan(&version, &dirty)
+	switch {
+	case err == sql.ErrNoRows:
+		return database.NilVersion, false, nil
+
+	case err != nil:
+		if e, ok := err.(*pgconn.PgError); ok {
+			if e.SQLState() == pgerrcode.UndefinedTable {
+				return database.NilVersion, false, nil
+			}
+		}
+		return 0, false, &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+
+	default:
+		return version, dirty, nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Postgres) Drop() (err error) {
+	// select all tables in current schema
+	query := `SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema=(SELECT current_schema()) AND table_type='BASE TABLE'`
+	tables, err := p.conn.QueryContext(context.Background(), query)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if errClose := tables.Close(); errClose != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, errClose)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// delete one table after another
+	tableNames := make([]string, 0)
+	for tables.Next() {
+		var tableName string
+		if err := tables.Scan(&tableName); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(tableName) > 0 {
+			tableNames = append(tableNames, tableName)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := tables.Err(); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	if len(tableNames) > 0 {
+		// delete one by one ...
+		for _, t := range tableNames {
+			query = `DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ` + quoteIdentifier(t) + ` CASCADE`
+			if _, err := p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query); err != nil {
+				return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureVersionTable checks if versions table exists and, if not, creates it.
+// Note that this function locks the database, which deviates from the usual
+// convention of "caller locks" in the Postgres type.
+func (p *Postgres) ensureVersionTable() (err error) {
+	if err = p.Lock(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if e := p.Unlock(); e != nil {
+			err = errors.Join(err, e)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// This block checks whether the `MigrationsTable` already exists. This is useful because it allows read only postgres
+	// users to also check the current version of the schema. Previously, even if `MigrationsTable` existed, the
+	// `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS...` query would fail because the user does not have the CREATE permission.
+	// Taken from https://github.com/mattes/migrate/blob/master/database/postgres/postgres.go#L258
+	query := `SELECT COUNT(1) FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema = $1 AND table_name = $2 LIMIT 1`
+	row := p.conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), query, p.config.migrationsSchemaName, p.config.migrationsTableName)
+
+	var count int
+	err = row.Scan(&count)
+	if err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	if count == 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	query = `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsSchemaName) + `.` + quoteIdentifier(p.config.migrationsTableName) + ` (version bigint not null primary key, dirty boolean not null)`
+	if _, err = p.conn.ExecContext(context.Background(), query); err != nil {
+		return &database.Error{OrigErr: err, Query: []byte(query)}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Copied from lib/pq implementation: https://github.com/lib/pq/blob/v1.9.0/conn.go#L1611
+func quoteIdentifier(name string) string {
+	end := strings.IndexRune(name, 0)
+	if end > -1 {
+		name = name[:end]
+	}
+	return `"` + strings.ReplaceAll(name, `"`, `""`) + `"`
+}

database/pgx/v5/pgx_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,761 @@
+package pgx
+
+// error codes https://github.com/jackc/pgerrcode/blob/master/errcode.go
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	sqldriver "database/sql/driver"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4"
+
+	"github.com/dhui/dktest"
+
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database"
+	dt "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/database/testing"
+	"github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/dktesting"
+	_ "github.com/golang-migrate/migrate/v4/source/file"
+)
+
+const (
+	pgPassword = "postgres"
+)
+
+var (
+	opts = dktest.Options{
+		Env:          map[string]string{"POSTGRES_PASSWORD": pgPassword},
+		PortRequired: true, ReadyFunc: isReady}
+	// Supported versions: https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/
+	specs = []dktesting.ContainerSpec{
+		{ImageName: "postgres:14", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:15", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:16", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:17", Options: opts},
+		{ImageName: "postgres:18", Options: opts},
+	}
+)
+
+func pgConnectionString(host, port string, options ...string) string {
+	options = append(options, "sslmode=disable")
+	return fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%s:%s/postgres?%s", pgPassword, host, port, strings.Join(options, "&"))
+}
+
+func isReady(ctx context.Context, c dktest.ContainerInfo) bool {
+	ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	db, err := sql.Open("pgx", pgConnectionString(ip, port))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Println("close error:", err)
+		}
+	}()
+	if err = db.PingContext(ctx); err != nil {
+		switch err {
+		case sqldriver.ErrBadConn, io.EOF:
+			return false
+		default:
+			log.Println(err)
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func mustRun(t *testing.T, d database.Driver, statements []string) {
+	for _, statement := range statements {
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader(statement)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func Test(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		dt.Test(t, d, []byte("SELECT 1"))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMigrate(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		m, err := migrate.NewWithDatabaseInstance("file://../examples/migrations", "pgx", d)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		dt.TestMigrate(t, m)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMultipleStatements(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE TABLE bar (bar text);")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected err to be nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure second table exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'bar' AND table_schema = (SELECT current_schema()))").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table bar to exist")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMultipleStatementsInMultiStatementMode(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port, "x-multi-statement=true")
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_foo ON foo (foo);")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("expected err to be nil, got %v", err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure created index exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_indexes WHERE schemaname = (SELECT current_schema()) AND indexname = 'idx_foo')").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table bar to exist")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestErrorParsing(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		wantErr := `migration failed: syntax error at or near "TABLEE" (column 37) in line 1: CREATE TABLE foo ` +
+			`(foo text); CREATE TABLEE bar (bar text); (details: ERROR: syntax error at or near "TABLEE" (SQLSTATE 42601))`
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE TABLE foo (foo text); CREATE TABLEE bar (bar text);")); err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("expected err but got nil")
+		} else if err.Error() != wantErr {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFilterCustomQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port, "x-custom=foobar")
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	})
+}
+
+func TestWithSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create foobar schema
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA foobar AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.SetVersion(1, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=foobar"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		version, _, err := d2.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != database.NilVersion {
+			t.Fatal("expected NilVersion")
+		}
+
+		// now update version and compare
+		if err := d2.SetVersion(2, false); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		version, _, err = d2.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != 2 {
+			t.Fatal("expected version 2")
+		}
+
+		// meanwhile, the public schema still has the other version
+		version, _, err = d.Version()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if version != 1 {
+			t.Fatal("expected version 2")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMigrationTableOption(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, _ := p.Open(addr)
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create migrate schema
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA migrate AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// bad unquoted x-migrations-table parameter
+		wantErr := "x-migrations-table must be quoted (for instance '\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"') when x-migrations-table-quoted is enabled, current value is: migrate.schema_migrations"
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=migrate.schema_migrations&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if (err != nil) && (err.Error() != wantErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+
+		// too many quoted x-migrations-table parameters
+		wantErr = "\"\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\".\"toomany\"\" MigrationsTable contains too many dot characters"
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\".\"toomany\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if (err != nil) && (err.Error() != wantErr) {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%s' but got '%s'", wantErr, err.Error())
+		}
+
+		// good quoted x-migrations-table parameter
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"migrate\".\"schema_migrations\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// make sure migrate.schema_migrations table exists
+		var exists bool
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'schema_migrations' AND table_schema = 'migrate')").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table migrate.schema_migrations to exist")
+		}
+
+		d, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://postgres:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=migrate.schema_migrations",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.(*Postgres).conn.QueryRowContext(context.Background(), "SELECT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_name = 'migrate.schema_migrations' AND table_schema = (SELECT current_schema()))").Scan(&exists); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if !exists {
+			t.Fatalf("expected table 'migrate.schema_migrations' to exist")
+		}
+
+	})
+}
+
+func TestFailToCreateTableWithoutPermissions(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+
+		// Check that opening the postgres connection returns NilVersion
+		p := &Postgres{}
+
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create user who is not the owner. Although we're concatenating strings in an sql statement it should be fine
+		// since this is a test environment and we're not expecting to the pgPassword to be malicious
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"CREATE USER not_owner WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '" + pgPassword + "'",
+			"CREATE SCHEMA barfoo AUTHORIZATION postgres",
+			"GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM PUBLIC",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		defer func() {
+			if d2 == nil {
+				return
+			}
+			if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		var e *database.Error
+		if !errors.As(err, &e) || err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected error, want permission denied error. Got: ", err)
+		}
+
+		if !strings.Contains(e.OrigErr.Error(), "permission denied for schema barfoo") {
+			t.Fatal(e)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that x-migrations-table and x-migrations-table-quoted
+		d2, err = p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&x-migrations-table=\"barfoo\".\"schema_migrations\"&x-migrations-table-quoted=1",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if !errors.As(err, &e) || err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected error, want permission denied error. Got: ", err)
+		}
+
+		if !strings.Contains(e.OrigErr.Error(), "permission denied for schema barfoo") {
+			t.Fatal(e)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCheckBeforeCreateTable(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+
+		// Check that opening the postgres connection returns NilVersion
+		p := &Postgres{}
+
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create user who is not the owner. Although we're concatenating strings in an sql statement it should be fine
+		// since this is a test environment and we're not expecting to the pgPassword to be malicious
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"CREATE USER not_owner WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '" + pgPassword + "'",
+			"CREATE SCHEMA barfoo AUTHORIZATION postgres",
+			"GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+			"GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo TO not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d2, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := d2.Close(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// revoke privileges
+		mustRun(t, d, []string{
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM PUBLIC",
+			"REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA barfoo FROM not_owner",
+		})
+
+		// re-connect using that schema
+		d3, err := p.Open(fmt.Sprintf("postgres://not_owner:%s@%v:%v/postgres?sslmode=disable&search_path=barfoo",
+			pgPassword, ip, port))
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		version, _, err := d3.Version()
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if version != database.NilVersion {
+			t.Fatal("Unexpected version, want database.NilVersion. Got: ", version)
+		}
+
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d3.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	})
+}
+
+func TestParallelSchema(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := d.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// create foo and bar schemas
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA foo AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if err := d.Run(strings.NewReader("CREATE SCHEMA bar AUTHORIZATION postgres")); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// re-connect using that schemas
+		dfoo, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=foo"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := dfoo.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		dbar, err := p.Open(pgConnectionString(ip, port, "search_path=bar"))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := dbar.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		if err := dfoo.Lock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dbar.Lock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dbar.Unlock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		if err := dfoo.Unlock(); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestPostgres_Lock(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		addr := pgConnectionString(ip, port)
+		p := &Postgres{}
+		d, err := p.Open(addr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		dt.Test(t, d, []byte("SELECT 1"))
+
+		ps := d.(*Postgres)
+
+		err = ps.Lock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Lock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		err = ps.Unlock()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestWithInstance_Concurrent(t *testing.T) {
+	dktesting.ParallelTest(t, specs, func(t *testing.T, c dktest.ContainerInfo) {
+		ip, port, err := c.FirstPort()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+
+		// The number of concurrent processes running WithInstance
+		const concurrency = 30
+
+		// We can instantiate a single database handle because it is
+		// actually a connection pool, and so, each of the below go
+		// routines will have a high probability of using a separate
+		// connection, which is something we want to exercise.
+		db, err := sql.Open("pgx", pgConnectionString(ip, port))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := db.Close(); err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		db.SetMaxIdleConns(concurrency)
+		db.SetMaxOpenConns(concurrency)
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		defer wg.Wait()
+
+		wg.Add(concurrency)
+		for i := 0; i < concurrency; i++ {
+			go func(i int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				_, err := WithInstance(db, &Config{})
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Errorf("process %d error: %s", i, err)
+				}
+			}(i)
+		}
+	})
+}
+func Test_computeLineFromPos(t *testing.T) {
+	testcases := []struct {
+		pos      int
+		wantLine uint
+		wantCol  uint
+		input    string
+		wantOk   bool
+	}{
+		{
+			15, 2, 6, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", true, // foo table does not exists
+		},
+		{
+			16, 3, 6, "SELECT *\n\nFROM foo", true, // foo table does not exists, empty line
+		},
+		{
+			25, 3, 7, "SELECT *\nFROM foo\nWHERE x", true, // x column error
+		},
+		{
+			27, 5, 7, "SELECT *\n\nFROM foo\n\nWHERE x", true, // x column error, empty lines
+		},
+		{
+			10, 2, 1, "SELECT *\nFROMM foo", true, // FROMM typo
+		},
+		{
+			11, 3, 1, "SELECT *\n\nFROMM foo", true, // FROMM typo, empty line
+		},
+		{
+			17, 2, 8, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", true, // last character
+		},
+		{
+			18, 0, 0, "SELECT *\nFROM foo", false, // invalid position
+		},
+	}
+	for i, tc := range testcases {
+		t.Run("tc"+strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
+			run := func(crlf bool, nonASCII bool) {
+				var name string
+				if crlf {
+					name = "crlf"
+				} else {
+					name = "lf"
+				}
+				if nonASCII {
+					name += "-nonascii"
+				} else {
+					name += "-ascii"
+				}
+				t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+					input := tc.input
+					if crlf {
+						input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, "\n", "\r\n")
+					}
+					if nonASCII {
+						input = strings.ReplaceAll(input, "FROM", "FRÖM")
+					}
+					gotLine, gotCol, gotOK := computeLineFromPos(input, tc.pos)
+
+					if tc.wantOk {
+						t.Logf("pos %d, want %d:%d, %#v", tc.pos, tc.wantLine, tc.wantCol, input)
+					}
+
+					if gotOK != tc.wantOk {
+						t.Fatalf("expected ok %v but got %v", tc.wantOk, gotOK)
+					}
+					if gotLine != tc.wantLine {
+						t.Fatalf("expected line %d but got %d", tc.wantLine, gotLine)
+					}
+					if gotCol != tc.wantCol {
+						t.Fatalf("expected col %d but got %d", tc.wantCol, gotCol)
+					}
+				})
+			}
+			run(false, false)
+			run(true, false)
+			run(false, true)
+			run(true, true)
+		})
+	}
+}